珠三角干季海陆风特征及其对空气质量影响的观测

通过2004年10月在珠江三角洲（以下简称“珠三角”）开展大气边界层观测试验得到的垂直风温资料和逐时PM_2.5浓度资料,利用局地环流指数（RF）等方法研究了珠三角海陆风特征及其对空气质量的影响.结果表明：局地环流指数是表征局地大气输送能力的有效指标;冷暖气团对峙导致珠三角污染日背景风场较弱,沿海海陆风活动活跃,空气质量指数与RF系数相关性颇高,珠三角沿海100~400m处RF系数值主要分布在0.5~0.8之间;在海陆风影响下低层风场的有效输送能力较弱,不利于污染物的输送扩散.而随着冷空气全面控制珠三角,垂直风场RF系数值高达0.9以上,海陆风难以发展,风场输送能力强,能够持续的将污染物输送出去.观测发现沿海观测点试验期间海陆风发生频率约为47.8%,其中72.7%的海陆风日出现了污染天气,海陆风日地面风向呈现出明显的随时间顺时针偏转特征,海风约从16：00时开始出现,并在20：00达到最大影响高度约为600~800m.夜间海风将污染物输送回内陆观测点,导致内陆PM_2.5浓度在19：00~21：00时出现浓度峰值,呈现出明显的双峰结构.     

Formation of dimethyldithioarsinic acid in a simulated landfill leachate in relation to hydrosulfide concentration

Dimethyldithioarsinic acid (DMDTA^V), present in such intense sources as municipal landfill leachate, has drawn a great deal of attention due to its abundant occurrence and different aspect of toxicity. The hydrosulfide (HS⁻) concentration in leachate was studied as a major variable affecting the formation of DMDTA^V. To this end, the HPLC–ICPMS system equipped with the reversed-phase C18 column was used to determine DMDTA^V. Simulated landfill leachates (SLLs) were prepared to cover a mature landfill condition with the addition of sodium sulfate and sulfide at varying concentrations in the presence of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA^V). The concentration of sodium sulfide added in the SLLs generally exhibited a strong positive correlation with the concentration of DMDTA^V. As such, the formation of DMDTA^V in the SLLs is demonstrated to be controlled by the interactive relationship between DMA^V and the HS⁻.

     

剧烈人类活动区经济发展与环境污染水平关系--以广东省东莞市为例

近年来,经济发展与环境污染之间的关系成了社会经济发展的热点问题。本研究选取东莞市1990-2010年经济与环境数据,探究环境库兹涅茨曲线演替轨迹,得出研究时段内东莞市环境库兹涅茨曲线大体呈“倒U型”特征,其中“倒U型”峰值大约出现在2007年人均GDP为4.51万元时;工业废水、工业废气以及工业废渣排放量3项指标的环境库兹涅茨曲线,分别呈现弱的“倒U型”、“倒U型上升阶段”、“倒U型＋倒U型上升阶段”特征。结果表明,东莞市环境库兹涅茨曲线特征与污染物排放量、产业结构、环保政策及投资等有较为密切的关系。结论建议：东莞市可以通过调整产业结构、加大环境保护投资力度等措施促进经济转型,加速“倒U型”曲线后半段的形成。     

在线生物毒性监测技术预警水质有毒物质污染与因果关系分析的案例研究

有毒化学物质排放引起的水质污染可以用暴露后水生生物的生物学响应来监测预警。本文利用2013年7月份广东某水源流域发生的一次突发污染物事件作为案例分析,讨论在线生物预警技术在实际应用中的效果及存在的问题。研究结果表明,采用发光菌抑制和鱼类行为改变的生物预警技术均能够有效判别突发性污染事件。结合预警后的采样和化学分析,18种金属元素和114种有机污染物监测指标中,所有指标的浓度均低于国家地面水水质II类标准(GB3838-2002)。在能够检出的金属元素和有机污染物中,超出检出限最大的金属元素是钡,达到检出限的870倍;超出检出限最大的有机物是二氯甲烷,是检出限的145倍。根据文献发表的毒性数据和毒理学证据,推测本次案例研究中的二氯甲烷是潜在的污染因子;二氯甲烷通过其神经毒性和较强烈的嗅味影响到青鳉鱼的运动行为、导致报警。另外,文章分析了生物监测技术的优点和缺陷,以期为进一步开发水源污染生物预警系统提供基础数据。     

氨络合法电化学捕集去除城市污泥中重金属的研究

采用自行设计的电动污泥处理装置,以城市污水厂污泥作为试验对象,设置氨水添加比分别为0、0.08、0.10、0.12 (V:V,氨水/试样污泥),在恒定直流电压下运行120h,研究氨络合效应与直接利用阳极产酸对污泥中重金属捕集去除效果的影响.结果表明,阳极酸化对污泥中重金属有一定的溶出去除作用;氨水的添加对电动处理过程中污泥pH值的降低与电流密度的提高没有阻碍,但能够有效提高污泥中重金属的捕集去除率;当氨水添加比为0.12时,污泥中Zn和Cu的捕集去除效果最佳,分别达91.62%和71.49%.氨水添加比为0.08时,Pb的捕集去除率最佳,达47.85%.氨水的添加对污泥中重金属的形态和迁移性有明显影响,主要表现为稳定形态如残渣态、有机结合态的减少及可交换形态的增加.     

Pd/CZ/Al2O3催化剂的制备、表征与三效催化性能

以共浸渍法制得的氧化铝负载铈锆固溶体为载体,并浸渍贵金属Pd得到了Pd/CZ/Al₂O₃催化剂.实验结果表明,该催化剂在老化前后都表现出良好的三效催化活性,新鲜样品Pd/CZ/Al₂O₃活性与Pd/CZ相当,老化后样品前者优于后者.结合XRD,BET,TPR等表征手段,讨论了Pd/CZ/Al₂O₃的催化活性特别是高温老化后活性与其组成结构之间的内在关系,揭示了其老化后仍具有较高活性的主要原因在于保持了Pd与CZ/Al₂O₃复合载体之间的强相互作用(SMSI).     

潜流-垂直流改进型人工湿地处理河道水的研究

针对微污染河道水C/N比不足和磷浓度低的问题,将传统人工湿地改进后用于处理。改进后的人工湿地包含潜流段和垂直流段,潜流段填充沸石和腐木,其中腐木作为补充碳源,垂直流段填充水泥砖块,并种植美人蕉。试验结果表明:改进型人工湿地脱氮除磷效果良好,氮的去除主要发生在潜流段,氨氮和总氮的去除率达到90%以上,填充的补充碳源不会恶化水质;磷的去除主要发生在垂直流段,水泥砖块具有良好的去除低浓度磷的性能,但其寿命不长,需要及时的更换;美人蕉对湿地脱氮影响非常小。     

1990年以来我国大陆海岸线变迁及分形维数研究

选取1990年以来的9期的遥感影像共计371景,提取大陆海岸线数据,分析了海岸线长度历年变迁规律及分形维数的变化,得出以下结论:(1)近22 a来,我国大陆海岸线长度基本保持增长趋势;(2)自然岸线和河口岸线长度处于减少趋势,而人工岸线长度处于增加趋势,其增长速度大于自然岸线和河口岸线减少速度之和;(3)我国海岸线的分形维数呈直线增长趋势,其变化趋势与海岸线长度变化一致。     

Identification of Bacillus methylotrophicus and its application in preventing fly maggot production in the environment北大核心CSCD

This research aimed to screen Bacillus spp. to prevent the production of fly maggot on kitchen wastes from soil in the experimental bases of the South China Agricultural University. A nutrient-rich medium was used to isolate the Bacillus spp. with high temperature treatment. The seventeen Bacillus strains were obtained and assigned to three groups by using Insertion Sequence based PCR (IS-PCR) DNA fingerprinting patterns. The homology of the 16S rDNA gene was 100% between Group I and Bacillus methylotrophicus CBMB 205T, 99.61% between Group II and Bacillus aerophilus 28KT, and 99.87% between Group III and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579T. The results of kitchen waste tests proved that the representative bacteria of Group I RF2 had the ability to prevent fly maggot production on kitchen wastes. Furthermore, the results of physiological and biochemical tests, carbon utilization tests, and antagonists against plant pathogen tests showed that the bacteria from Group I RF2 had the ability to decompose glucose into pyruvate and then decarboxylate pyruvate to diacetyl under alkaline conditions, convert ammonia to intracellular amino acids or other kinds of nitrogenous compounds, use many kinds of carbon source for self-growth, and be antagonistic against plant pathogenic rice sheath blight disease, banana fusarium wilt, and Fusarium oxysporum. Besides, the bacteria from RF2 could secret organic acids to dissolve insoluble phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2] for its own growth by decreasing the pH. Group I RF2 was a strong plant-promotion bacterium, and had good prospects of application for preventing fly maggot production on kitchen wastes. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

End-of-life batteries management and material flow analysis in South Korea

Analysis of collection and recycling system of end-of-life batteries was examined. Relatively limited fractions of portable batteries were collected by EPR system. More effective and diverse collection pathways should be developed. Consumers increasingly have worn-out batteries as electrical and electronic equipment with new technical developments are introduced into the market and quickly replace older models. As a result, large amounts of end-of-life (EOL) or waste batteries are generated. Such batteries may contain a variety of materials that includes valuable resources as well as toxic elements. Thus, the proper recycling and management of batteries is very important from the perspective of resource conservation and environmental effect. The collection and recycling of EOL batteries is relatively low in South Korea compared to other countries, although an extended producer responsibility (EPR) policy was adopted for battery recycling in 2003. In this study, the management and material flow of EOL batteries is presented to determine potential problems and quantitative flow, based on literature review, site visits to battery recycling facilities, and interviews with experts in the Korea Battery Recycling Association (KBRA), manufacturers, and regulators in government. The results show that approximately 558 tons of manganese-alkaline batteries, the largest fraction among recycling target items, was disposed in landfills or incinerators in 2015, while approximately 2,000 tons of batteries were recovered at a recycling facility by simple sorting and crushing processes. By raising environmental awareness, more diverse and effective collection systems could be established for consumers to easily dispose of EOL batteries in many places. Producers, retailers and distributors in South Korea should also play an important role in the collection of EOL batteries from consumers. Lithium-ion batteries from many electronic devices must be included in the EPR system for resource recovery.