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41.
Thallada Bhaskar Nona Merry M. Mitan Jude A. Onwudili Akinori Muto Paul T. Williams Yusaku Sakata 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2010,12(4):332-340
Pyrolysis of brominated flame retardant-containing high-impact polystyrene (HIPS-Br) was performed at 430°C in the presence
of 0.1 wt% of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in a Pyrex glass reactor. Two different types of brominated flame retardants
(decabromodiphenyl ether and decabromodiphenyl ethane) with or without antimony trioxide (as synergist) 5 wt% were used. The
presence of PET had a significant effect on the material balance, decreasing the gaseous product and increasing the residue.
The type of flame retardant had no effect on the yield of liquid product; however, the presence of Sb resulted in a marked
difference in the distribution of decomposition products. Analysis by a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization
detector showed that the hydrocarbons were distributed in the range n-C7 to n-C25 with major peaks at n-C9 and n-C17. The presence of PET increased the formation of brominated compounds by several times and affected both the type and quantity
of polybrominated compounds. The liquid products obtained from the pyrolysis of HIPS-Br/PET have to be treated before they
can be used 相似文献
42.
Nona Merry M. Mitan Mihai Brebu Thallada Bhaskar Akinori Muto Yusaku Sakata Mitsuo Kaji 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(1):62-68
Waste DVDs and CDs were thermally degraded at 450°C by a semibatch process. In total, 40–50 wt% was converted into liquid
product that consisted of phenol derivatives (∼75 wt%), bisphenol (∼10 wt%) and its derivatives, and small amounts of aromatic
hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, dimethylbenzene, methylethylbenzene, diethylbenzene, and methylisopropyl
benzene. Degradation of the polycarbonate support from DVDs and CDs was enhanced by coprocessing with vegetable cooking oil,
the degradation of which gave a homologue series of hydrocarbons and organic acids with up to 25 and 18 atoms of carbon, respectively.
Silver from the reflective coating on DVDs and CDs remained in the solid residue, its concentration increasing about 2.5 times
compared to that of the original disks. 相似文献
43.
44.
Riley PO Arregui-Dalmases C Purtserov S Parent D Lessley DJ Shaw G Crandall J Takayama S Ono K Kamiji K Yasuki T 《Traffic injury prevention》2012,13(2):163-171
A test series involving direct right-side impact of a moving wall on unsupported, unrestrained cadavers with no arms was undertaken to better understand human kinematics and injury mechanisms during side impact at realistic speeds. The tests conducted provided a unique opportunity for a detailed analysis of the kinematics resulting from side impact. Specifically, this study evaluated the 3-dimensional (3D) kinematics of 3 unrestrained male cadavers subjected to lateral impact by a multi-element load wall carried by a pneumatically propelled rail-mounted sled reproducing a conceptual side crash impact. Three translations and 3 rotations characterize the movement of a solid body in the space, the 6 degrees of freedom (6DoF) kinematics of 15 bone segments were obtained from the 3D marker motions and computed tomography (CT)-defined relationships between the maker array mounts and the bones. The moving wall initially made contact with the lateral aspect of the pelvis, which initiated lateral motion of the spinal segments beginning with the pelvis and moving sequentially up through the lumbar spine to the thorax. Analyzing the 6DoF motions kinematics of the ribs and sternum followed right shoulder contact with the wall. Overall thoracic motion was assessed by combining the thoracic bone segments as a single rigid body. The kinematic data presented in this research provides quantified subject responses and boundary condition interactions that are currently unavailable for lateral impact. 相似文献
45.
Nona Merry M. Mitan Mihai Brebu Thallada Bhaskar Akinori Muto Yusaku Sakata 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(1):56-61
Brominated high-impact polystyrene (HIPS-Br), which contained decabromodiphenyl ether flame retardant, and brominated acrylonitrile
butadiene styrene (ABS-Br), which contained bromine-containing epoxy-type flame retardant, were degraded at 450°C individually
and in a 1/1 mixture by a thermal and catalytic procedure using folded sheet mesoporous (FSM) and ZSM-5 zeolite in liquid
phase contact mode. The two polymers produced similar degradation oils but at a higher yield for HIPS-Br. However, the composition
and distribution of Br-, N-, and O-containing compounds depended on the type of flame retardant in HIPS-Br and ABS-Br. Multiphase
catalytic systems consisting of FSM in liquid phase contact mode and various CaH-, FeO-, CoMo-, and NiMo-based catalysts,
or combinations of these catalysts, in vapor phase contact mode were used to decrease the amount of heteroatoms (Br, N, and
O) in the degradation oils. Each system gave particular results in terms of mass balance and concentrations of heteroatoms.
A FSM (liquid phase contact)/CaHC (vapor phase contact) combination was the best catalytic system to remove Br-, N-, and O-containing
compounds from degradation oils. 相似文献
46.
Ono K Kaneoka K Hattori S Ujihashi S Takhounts EG Haffner MP Eppinger RH 《Traffic injury prevention》2003,4(2):141-152
There is little known data characterizing the biomechanical responses of the human head and neck under direct head loading conditions. However, the evaluation of the appropriateness of current crash test dummy head-neck systems is easily accomplished. Such an effort, using experimental means, generates and provides characterizations of human head-neck response to several direct head loading conditions. Low-level impact loads were applied to the head and face of volunteers and dummies. The resultant forces and moments at the occipital condyle were calculated. For the volunteers, activation of the neck musculature was determined using electromyography (EMG). In addition, cervical vertebral motions of the volunteers have been taken by means of X-ray cineradiography. The Ethics Committee of Tsukuba University approved the protocol of the experiments in advance. External force of about 210 N was applied to the head and face of five volunteers with an average age of 25 for the duration of 100 msec or so, via a strap at one of four locations in various directions: (1) an upward load applied to the chin, (2) a rearward load applied to the chin without facial mask, (3) a rearward load applied to the chin with the facial mask, and (4) a rearward load applied to the forehead. The same impact force as those for the human volunteers was also applied to HY-III, THOR, and BioRID. We found that cervical vertebral motions differ markedly according to the difference in impact loading condition. Some particular characteristics are also found, such as the flexion or extension of the upper cervical vertebrae (C0, C1, and C2) or middle cervical vertebrae (C3-C4), showing that the modes of cervical vertebral motions are markedly different among the different loading conditions. We also found that the biofidelity of dummies to neck response characteristics of the volunteers at the low-level impact loads is in the order of BioRID, THOR, and HY-III. It is relevant in this regard that the BioRID dummy was designed for a low-severity impact environment, whereas THOR and HY-III were optimized for higher-severity impacts. 相似文献
47.
Kathryn A. Ono Daryl J. Boness Olav T. Oftedal 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1987,21(2):109-118
Summary Observed changes in maternal investment due to an environmentally induced decrease in food supply (the 1983 El Ni?o-Southern
Oscillation) are compared witha priori predictions for the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Changes in behavior, growth and mortality of off-spring were also examined. Data collected in the first two months postpartum
for the years before (PRE), during (EN), and the two years after (POST1 and POST2) the 1983 El Ni?o indicate that females
initiated postpartum feeding trips earlier during the food shortage, and spent more time away on individual feeding trips
in both the El Ni?o year and the year after. Perinatal sex ratios (♀:♂) in the years PRE, EN, POST1 and POST2 were 1:1, 1.4:1,
1.1:1 and 1:1.4, respectively. Fewer copulations were observed during the El Ni?o year, but this difference was not statistically
significant. Pups spent less time suckling in the food shortage year and the year following, but attempted to sneak suckle
more. Pups were less active and played on land less in the El Ni?o and following year. Finally, maternal investment as measured
by milk intake of offspring was decreased, pups grew more slowly, and suffered increased mortality during the food shortage
year. Despite expected sex differences in maternal investment and pup behavior in response to food shortage, there were no
sex-biased differences in response in either females or pups. As expected, the food shortage did not affect adult males since
they migrate north during the non-breeding season where the environmental perturbation was less severe. 相似文献
48.
Y. Tsubaki Michael T. Siva-Jothy Tomohiro Ono 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1994,35(4):219-225
After copulation, male Nannophya pygmaea dragonflies mate guard by hovering over ovipositing females and repelling conspecific males. Copulation is not always a prerequisite for oviposition in the females of this species because females can store the sperm received during previous visits/copulations. An oviposition episode consists of several bouts of oviposition separated by periods of perching. We conducted two types of male-removal experiments to examine the effects of mating and post-copulatory mate guarding on the oviposition behaviour of females. In the first experiment, we removed all males from the habitat to eliminate the effect of re-copulation, mate-guarding and harassment by males. In the second experiment, we removed males immediately after copulation to eliminate the effects of guarding and other post-copulatory male-female interactions. We compared these experimental data with data obtained under natural conditions. The dipping rate in an oviposition bout was not influenced by copulation or guarding. However, guarded females made more dips per episode than did solitary females. The proportion of time actually spent ovipositing (total bout duration/oviposition episode duration) of guarded females was higher than that of solitary females. Solitary females often oviposited in more than one territorial site, while guarded females usually oviposited within a single territorial site during an oviposition episode. Because males tend to hold territories at sites where egg survival is high, guarded females (and the male guardian) benefit from guarding in terms of egg hatchability. The possible benefits for solitary females are discussed. 相似文献
49.
Voltammetric response of ferroceneboronic acid to diol and phenolic
compounds as possible pollutants
Shigehiro Takahashi Naoyuki Abiko Nobuhiro Haraguchi Hiroyuki Fujit Eriko Seki Tetsuya Ono Kentaro Yoshi Jun-ichi Anzai 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2011,23(6):1027-1032
A voltammetric determination of possible organic pollutants such as diol and phenolic compounds in water was studied using
ferroceneboronic acid (FBA) as a redox-active marker. A cyclic voltammogram of FBA exhibited a pair of oxidation and reduction
peaks at 230 and 170 mV at pH 7.0, respectively, while another pair of redox peaks was observed in the presence of diol or phenolic
compounds tested. The results were rationalized based on the formation of boronate esters of FBA with the added compounds. The
changes in the redox peak currents were dependent on the concentration of the additives, suggesting a usefulness of FBA in the
electrochemical determination of these compounds in water. 相似文献
50.
Kristina Y. Nelson Dena W. McMartin Christopher K. Yost Ken J. Runtz Takaya Ono 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(8):5441-5448
The treatment process described in this research explores the impact of exposing water samples containing fecal coliforms to the radiation produced by single ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) operating at 265 nm. UV LEDs are long lasting, compact in size and produce more efficient light output than traditional mercury-vapour bulbs, making them ideal for application in point-of-use disinfection systems, such as in remote areas. In this study, contaminated water samples containing either a pure culture of Escherichia coli or tertiary effluent from the City of Regina Wastewater Treatment Plant were used to study the application and efficiency of using UV LEDs for water disinfection. The results indicate that bacterial inactivation was achieved in a time-dependent manner, with 1- and 2.5-log E. coli reductions in water following 20 and 50 min of UV LED exposure, respectively. Ultraviolet radiation was less effective in reducing coliform bacteria in wastewater samples due to the elevated turbidity levels. Further work remains to be completed to optimize the application of UV LEDs for point-of-use disinfection systems; however, the results from this study support that bacterial inactivation using UV LEDs is possible, meriting further future technological development of the LEDs. 相似文献