Impact of urbanization on natural ecosystem service values: a comparative study

With rapid population growth and rural to-urban migration in many Chinese cities, a large amount of natural lands have been converted to urban and agricultural lands recently. During this process of land conversion, economic development and quality of life improvement are considered as major goals, and their influences on ecological systems have often been neglected. The degradation of natural ecological systems due to land use change, however, has become severe,and may require immediate attentions from urban planners and local governments. Taking HaDaQi industrial corridor, Heilongjiang Province, China,as a case study area, this paper examined the trend of land use changes during 1990–2005, and quantified their influences on natural eco system service values. In particular, this study applied two major valuation methods, and examined whether different valuation methods generate significantly different results. Analysis of results suggests that human dominated land uses (e.g., urban and agriculture)have expanded rapidly at the cost of natural lands (e.g., wetlands and forest). Due to these land use changes, the total ecosystem service value decreased 29% (2.26% annually) from 1990 to 2005 when the first method was applied, and this rate is estimated to be 15.7% (1.13% annually)with the second approach. Moreover, the annual rate of ecosystem service value decline during 2000–2005 is about four times higher than that in 1990–2000 with both methods, suggesting much more severe ecosystem degradation during 2000–2005.     

Genotoxicity of two novel pesticides for the earthworm, Eisenia fetida

In this paper, several studies were conducted to evaluate the genotoxicity of two pesticides, Imidacloprid and RH-5849, for earthworm (Eisenia fetida). Earthworms were exposed in different exposure systems to evaluate their acute toxicity and the genotoxicity of the two pesticides was evaluated by using the method of sperm deformity assessment, micronucleus test of root tip cells in Vicia faba, a mouse bone-marrow micronucleus test, and comet assay. LC(50) (interpolated concentration at which 50% mortality of test population occurs) for earthworms varied in different exposure systems. The results indicated that Imidacloprid was consistently more toxic than RH-5849 in all exposure systems. In this study, sperm deformity test was used to detect the potential adverse influences of pesticides on the reproduction of earthworms. The results demonstrated that significant induction of sperm deformity (p<0.01) and a dose-effect relationship displayed at Imidacloprid concentrations higher than 0.5 mg/kg dry soil. However, the sperm deformity frequency of groups exposed to RH-5849 did not show significant difference (p>0.05) from the control until the dose reached 100 mg/kg dry soil. The results of the V. faba micronucleus tests showed that micronuclei frequency of the exposed group did not show significant difference (p>0.05) from the control until the concentration of Imidacloprid and RH-5849 reached 100 mg/ml. The results of the mouse bone-marrow micronuclei test also indicate that two pesticides did not show significant effects (p>0.05) on the micronuclei frequency in mice bone-marrow cells until the dose reached 100 mg/kg for Imidacloprid and 300 mg/kg for RH-5849 (2/3 LD(50)). Although no genotoxicity was detected by using the micronucleus tests, the results of the comet assay showed that the two pesticides induce significant DNA damage (p<0.01) in earthworms and dose-effect relationships were displayed. The 'earthworm comet assay' is a rapid and sensitive way to screen chemicals or terrestrial environments for their DNA-damaging properties.     

CaH_2对Cu-Ce-La-ZSM-5催化分解NO性能的影响

实验采用一步离子交换法制备Cu-Ce-La-ZSM-5催化剂,然后采用共混法制得Cu-Ce-La-ZSM-5/CaH2催化剂。采用扫描电镜(SEM),电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES),X射线衍射(XRD),红外(FTIR)以及NO吸脱附(NO-TPD)对催化剂进行表征。结果显示CaH2的加入使得催化剂中铜离子存在形式发生变化,催化剂表面变光滑洁净,并且吸附NO能力增强。NO催化分解实验的结果表明CaH2提高了催化剂活性和抗氧性。CaH2助催性是由于其受热分解过程中产生的H2能将Cu2+还原为具有催化活性的Cu+,同时使催化剂表面洁净光滑更容易吸附NO。     

MBR工艺中溶解性有机物的分子量和EEM解析

采用凝胶过滤色谱(GFC)分子量测定技术和三维荧光(EEM)光谱技术,对平板膜-生物反应器工艺应用于餐饮废水和粪便污水处理的工程实例进行研究,对比分析2套工艺中的调节池水和出水的溶解性有机物(DOM)及污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的性质变化.研究表明,餐饮废水处理过程的调节池水DOM中大分子(＞100 kDa)物质比例为6...     

可见光驱动微生物光电化学池处理剩余污泥同步产氢

氢气是一种理想的清洁能源.太阳能驱动的微生物光电化学池(Microbial photoelectrochemical cell, MPEC)因可同时实现废物处理与自发产氢而受到人们的关注.本文以剩余污泥为底物,构建了一种由无定型硫化钼改性硅纳米线(MoS_3/SiNWs)光阴极和生物阳极组成的MPEC系统,研究了3组MPEC在不同的酸性阴极液pH和外加电压条件下的产氢及污泥减量效果.研究结果表明,MPEC在阴极液pH为1和3的条件下均能在无外加电压下自发产氢;pH=1的MPEC-1实验中平均产氢速率为(0.66±0.02) mL·h~(-1),约是pH=3的MPEC-2实验平均产氢速率的1.5倍,但阴极过酸的条件限制了其实际应用; pH为3、外加0.2 V电压的MPEC-3与MPEC-2相比,产氢周期由15 h增加到40 h,平均产氢速率由(0.44±0.05) mL·h~(-1)提高到(0.52±0.04) mL·h~(-1),污泥TCOD、SCOD、TSS、VSS的降解率分别可达53.96%、70.18%、38.21%和61.76%.可见本文构建的MPEC系统是一种有前景的利用太阳能进行废物处理和资源化的新技术.     

硝基芳烃化合物诱发细胞微核的比较研究

利用蚕豆根法细胞和人在淋巴细胞的微核试验对６种硝基芳烃化合物的致突变性进行比较研究，结果表明，邻二硝基苯、间二硝基苯、２，４－二硝基甲苯，２，６－二硝基甲苯，对硝基氯苯和对硝基溴苯均能诱发两咱细胞的微核率增加，除了对硝基溴苯外均具有明显剂量一效应关系。引进标准剂量概念比较５种硝基芳烃人合物的致突变性，结果表明，致突变性强弱依次为２，４－二硝基甲苯〉对硝基氯苯〉间二硝基苯〉２，６－二硝基甲苯〉邻二硝     

Combination of biodiesel-ethanol-diesel fuel blend and SCR catalyst assembly to reduce emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine

In this study, the efforts to reduce NOx and particulate matter （PM） emissions from a diesel engine using both ethanol-selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of NOx over an Ag/Al2O3 catalyst and a biodiesel-ethanol-diesel fuel blend （BE-diesel） on an engine bench test are discussed. Compared with diesel fuel, use of BE-diesel increased PM emissions by 14% due to the increase in the soluble organic fraction （SOF） of PM, but it greatly reduced the Bosch smoke number by 60%-80% according to the results from 13-mode test of European Stationary Cycle （ESC） test. The SCR catalyst was effective in NOx reduction by ethanol, and the NOx conversion was approximately 73%. Total hydrocarbons （THC） and CO emissions increased significantly during the SCR of NOx process. Two diesel oxidation catalyst （DOC） assemblies were used after Ag/Al2O3 converter to remove CO and HC. Different oxidation catalyst showed opposite effect on PM emission. The PM composition analysis revealed that the net effect of oxidation catalyst on total PM was an integrative effect on SOF reduction and sulfate formation of PM. The engine bench test results indicated that the combination of BE-diesel and a SCR catalyst assembly could provide benefits for NOx and PM emissions control even without using diesel particle filters （DPFs）.     

带翼斜板设备处理石油污水的研究

在多层斜极分离设备的斜板下方安装一系列与料板垂直的翼板，构成了带翼斜板设备。把该设备用于石油污水的脱油处理，研究发现其具有较高的脱油效率和脱油深度。在进口含油浓度介于200～600mg／L之间，停留时间27.6min，平均脱油效率可达93．8％，出口平均含油浓度为1．8mg／L，粒径大于40μm的油滴基本均可脱除。文中还对进口含油浓度在300～400mg／L之间的出口含油浓度与表面负荷率的关系进行了论述。     

对我国海洋环境监测工作的若干建议

本文在回顾和总结我国海洋环境监测多年成就的基础上，分析了海洋环境质量发展的趋势，指出随着沿海经济及海洋资源开发活动的深入发展，近岸海洋环境将面临的前所未有的压力。为此，未来我国海洋环境监测的重点是近岸水域，尤其是各类入海污染源及其邻近海域，监工作必须由近海向近岸及重点海域转移。     

小城镇环境污染与防治

发展小城镇是我国城市化过程的必由之路,但小城镇在快速发展的过程中产生了很多环境问题,本文分析了产生这些问题的原因,并提出了环境保护的对策及措施。