Metabolic uncoupler, 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide addition for sludge reduction and fouling control in a gravity-driven membrane bioreactor

• Effects of metabolic uncoupler TCS on the performances of GDMBR were evaluated. • Sludge EPS reduced and transformed into dissolved SMP when TCS was added. • Appropriate TCS increased the permeability and reduced cake layer fouling. • High dosage aggravated fouling due to compact cake layer with low bio-activity. The gravity-driven membrane bioreactor (MBR)system is promising for decentralized sewage treatment because of its low energy consumption and maintenance requirements. However, the growing sludge not only increases membrane fouling, but also augments operational complexities (sludge discharge). We added the metabolic uncoupler 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) to the system to deal with the mentioned issues. Based on the results, TCS addition effectively decreased sludge ATP and sludge yield (reduced by 50%). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS; proteins and polysaccharides) decreased with the addition of TCS and were transformed into dissolved soluble microbial products (SMPs) in the bulk solution, leading to the break of sludge flocs into small fragments. Permeability was increased by more than two times, reaching 60–70 L/m²/h bar when 10–30 mg/L TCS were added, because of the reduced suspended sludge and the formation of a thin cake layer with low EPS levels. Resistance analyses confirmed that appropriate dosages of TCS primarily decreased the cake layer and hydraulically reversible resistances. Permeability decreased at high dosage (50 mg/L) due to the release of excess sludge fragments and SMP into the supernatant, with a thin but more compact fouling layer with low bioactivity developing on the membrane surface, causing higher cake layer and pore blocking resistances. Our study provides a fundamental understanding of how a metabolic uncoupler affects the sludge and bio-fouling layers at different dosages, with practical relevance for in situ sludge reduction and membrane fouling alleviation in MBR systems.     

Compression behaviors of mechanically biologically treated wastes of Tianziling landfill in Hangzhou,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study aimed to investigate the compression behaviors of mechanically biologically treated (MBT) wastes. For this purpose, the short-term...     

N2O profiles in the enhanced CANON process via long-term N2H4 addition: minimized N2O production and the influence of exogenous N2H4 on N2O sources

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Production of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) from the completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process is of growing...     

Functional wastepaper-montmorillonite composite aerogel for Cd2+ adsorption

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, a composite aerogel (WP-MMT) composed of wastepaper (WP) and montmorillonite (MMT) was prepared by ambient pressure drying technology...     

Effects of reciprocal hybridization on cadmium accumulation in F1 hybrids of two Solanum photeinocarpum ecotypes

In this study, farmland and mining ecotypes of Solanum photeinocarpum (a potential cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator plant) were reciprocally hybridized each other, and the Cd accumulation characteristics of the F1 hybrids were studied. In pot experiments, higher biomasses and Cd extraction abilities were found for two S. photeinocarpum F1 hybrids than for the parents, but the Cd contents in various organs were lower in the hybrids than the parents. However, the differences between the Cd contents in the two hybrids were not significant. The antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) activities were higher for the S. photeinocarpum F1 hybrids than the parents. Less DNA methylation was found in the hybrids than the parents because more demethylation occurred in the hybrids than the parents. The biomass, Cd content, and Cd extraction ability effects in field experiments were similar to the effects in the pot experiments. It was concluded that reciprocally hybridizing different S. photeinocarpum ecotypes improved the ability of S. photeinocarpum to be used to phytoremediate contaminated land.

     

A5000型换流阀晶闸管击穿故障处理方案优化

晶闸管击穿故障为换流阀常见故障之一,现有±800 kV特高压换流站A5000型换流阀晶闸管击穿故障处理方案存在耗时不稳定、处理环节复杂等问题,进而造成换流阀停电时间延长,影响直流输电系统功率输送能力,针对A5000型换流阀晶闸管击穿故障处理方案进行优化,提高了该型号换流阀晶闸管击穿故障的处理效率,缩短了换流阀停电时间,可进一步保障直流输电系统功率输送能力。     

流量分布系数对低压热释放速率测量的影响

热释放速率是反映火灾规模的重要参数,但高海拔低压地区可燃物燃烧的热释放速率测量一直未得到有效解决。为此,引入烟气管道流量分布系数,并对其进行低压修正,基于耗氧原理分析了低压条件下可燃物燃烧的热释放速率测量原理,提出了低压燃烧热释放速率的计算方法。在此基础上,设计并搭建了低压燃烧舱模拟高海拔低压环境,开展了不同静态低压条件下的正庚烷池火试验,并对烟气管道流量分布系数与不同的静态环境低压进行线性关系、指数关系等拟合,发现试验工况压力下的流量分布系数与响应的环境压力呈指数函数关系,且拟合度高达97.2%。采用指数函数关系并根据能量守恒对试验测量出的低压热释放速率进行修正,误差不超过5%,表明该方法可行。     

流域绿水管理博弈建模及应用分析

绿水资源表示水循环通过降水渗透入土壤非饱和层并由植物蒸腾或土壤蒸发返回大气层的水汽,是农业作物生产的重要基础,但是通常被传统流域水资源管理所忽视。基于流域水量平衡和蓝水绿水综合思维,将绿水资源纳入流域水资源管理体系。在绿水信贷理念和博弈建模分析框架下,结合SWAT分布式水文模型、多目标优化及情景比较分析,利用绿水管理措施合理优化配置流域蓝水绿水资源,采用绿水生态补偿协调处理上下游利益冲突的博弈问题,探索性地提出了流域绿水管理博弈框架。该框架通过博弈建模可以识别分析流域绿水管理问题的博弈空间、博弈结构和纳什均衡等博弈特征;通过合作博弈约束条件改进的多目标优化,可以计算流域绿水管理情景的绿水补偿标准和帕累托最优收益。将建立的绿水管理博弈框架应用于涟水流域实例研究,NSE、R2、PBIAS、p-factor与r-factor等模拟效果评价和不确定性分析结果表明,涟水流域SWAT分布式水文模型的蓝水绿水模拟均达到可信程度。上下游收益变化、绿水补偿标准与帕累托最优解集等博弈分析结果显示,涟水流域整体社会经济与生态环境收益明显改善,其帕累托最优收益平均增长2.72亿元/a,年均绿水补偿标准折合1.94、1 253.7元/hm²。实例分析表明提出的绿水管理博弈框架在涟水流域具有较好的适用性和可行性。因此,该方法可以为流域蓝水绿水管理试点研究及其绿水补偿标准核定提供相关理论依据和技术参考,具有一定程度的的应用价值和现实意义。     

近53 a来长江流域极端降水指数特征

利用1963~2015年长江流域115个气象站点逐日降水数据,分析了不同极端降水指标的空间变化特点和时间变化趋势。结果表明,近53 a来,长江流域多年平均年极端降水量与年降水量从下游到上游逐渐递减,两者变化趋势大致呈现“增-减-增”的空间分布格局。年极端降水量对年降水量贡献（PEP）存在明显的空间分布差异,但贡献比例在流域内普遍呈现增加的趋势。持续1 d的极端降水事件的降水量分布及其变化趋势与年极端降水量的分布特征类似,其对年极端降水量的贡献比例高达65%以上,说明长江流域极端降水以持续1 d的极端降水事件为主。持续2 d及以上的极端降水事件主要集在中皖苏赣局部地区和四川中部地区,但其降水量对年极端降水量的贡献比例较小。从上游到下游,年最大日降水量（MDP）逐渐增大。其中,上游源头地区的沱沱河、曲麻莱和玉树3个站点MDP主要集中在0~25 mm之间,其他站点均以25~50 mm量级为主;长江流域中部地区的MDP大部分以50~100 mm的量级为主,处于100~150 mm之间的次之;长江流域东部地区主要以100~150 mm量级的MDP为主。 关键词： 极端降水;降水贡献;不同历时;长江流域     

长江三角洲城市群工业用水效率评价及时空差异研究

在水资源约束趋紧的背景下,选取长江三角洲城市群中26个城市2005~2014年的面板数据,运用SBM模型对工业用水效率进行测算,并基于可分解的泰尔指数分析长江三角洲城市群内部工业用水效率的空间差异。结果显示：（1）长江三角洲城市群工业用水效率水平整体偏低,在不考虑与考虑非期望产出的情况下,工业用水效率10a平均值分别为 0.591 8.和 0.519 7;（2）工业用水效率的地区内部差异是造成总差异的主要部分,并且有随时间递增的趋势,其中安徽省对于地区内部差异的贡献率最大,其次为浙江省,江苏省贡献率最低;（3）江苏省各城市工业用水效率虽然差异不大但整体水平较低,而上海市工业用水效率较高并处于稳步上升状态。因此,缩小地区内部差异是实现长江三角洲城市群工业用水效率整体上升的重要途径。