长江三峡磨子湾滑坡形成过程的离散元模拟

本文采用离散单元法模拟了磨子湾滑坡变形破坏发展的动态过程。模拟结果与地质分析结果具有很好的一致性。达到了地质分析与数值模拟相互引证的目的。     

战略环境评价研究与实践进展

回顾了战略环境评价的起源，发展历程，尤其是９０年代以来的实践与研究成果；分析了当前研究趋势并提出了今后我国战略环境评价工作的重点，包括加强研究，建立保证体系和进行试点等。     

中国北方地区沙尘暴变化趋势初探

沙尘暴是一种重要的环境问题和自然灾害，是土地沙漠化程度的重要指标。本文利用１９５１～１９８０年的整编气候资料、１９８１～１９８７年中国地面气象记录月报资料和１９９３～１９９４年的两个沙尘暴个例资料，对我国北方地区沙尘暴的空间分布和时间变化及其成因作了初步探讨，并对未来的变化趋势进行了初步预测。结果表明：沙尘暴主要发生在我国西北地区，且有两个多发中心区，即塔无拉玛干沙漠的西南部和甘肃河西走廊东部。沙尘暴主要发生在春季，尤以四月份最多；沙尘暴的形成是地形、地表沙尘物质、有利的急浪位置、低层大气的不稳定和锋面过境后的大风五种基本因素相互作用的结果；就整个北方地区而言，１９５１～１９８７年沙尘暴出现日数总的趋势是波动式减少的，但不同干旱气候区略有差异；本世纪末到下世纪中叶，整个北方地区沙尘暴总的趋势将呈波动式增加（约比１９５１～１９８７年的平均值增加７％）。     

Structure and function of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil microbial community respond differently to elevated ozone in field-planted wheat

To assess the responses of the soil microbial community to chronic ozone(O_3), wheat seedlings(Triticum aestivum Linn.) were planted in the field and exposed to elevated O_3(e O_3)concentration. Three treatments were employed:(1) Control treatment(CK), AOT40 = 0;(2) O_3-1, AOT40 = 1.59 ppm·h;(3) O_3-2, AOT40 = 9.17 ppm·h. Soil samples were collected for the assessment of microbial biomass C, community-level physiological profiles(CLPPs), and phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs). EO_3 concentration significantly reduced soil microbial carbon and changed microbial CLPPs in rhizosphere soil, but not in non-rhizosphere soil.The results of the PLFAs showed that e O_3 concentrations had significant effects on soil community structure in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. The relative abundances of fungal and actinomycetous indicator PLFAs decreased in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, while those of bacterial PLFAs increased. Thus the results proved that e O_3 concentration significantly changed the soil microbial community function and composition, which would influence the soil nutrient supply and carbon dynamics under O_3 exposure.     

环境监测管理信息平台的开发与应用研究

针对环境监测管理信息平台的开发与应用,介绍了环境监测管理信息平台和开发,探讨了环境监测信息平台的主要功能,主要包括环境监测的人员管理、仪器设备管理、标准物质管理和质控管理,介绍了环境监测信息平台系统的特点,主要是环境监测的信息收集和利用、智能化预警机制、方便的信息查询,提出了环境监测平台实施中的探讨,如环境监测的前期设计和沟通、数据初始化和数据动态更新.     

污水处理厂空气介质抗生素抗性基因的分布

考察了污水处理厂空气介质中典型的抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)污染水平和浓度分布,并通过16S r RNA高通量技术对样品进行亲缘性及溯源研究。结果表明,在污水厂空气样品中8种抗生素抗性基因的检出率均超过50%,其中tet C、sul1、sul2和erm B检出率为100%。在曝气池和污泥脱水车间空气样品中8种抗性基因检出率均为100%。对其中的sul1、sul2、tet G和tet X共4种ARGs的定量分析结果表明,以上4种基因的相对浓度范围在102~105copies·ng~(-1)DNA之间,与邻近居民区空气样品抗性基因浓度处于同一水平;空气样品16S r RNA高通量测序聚类分析结果显示,居民区空气与污水厂园区内空气有较高的种群相似度,污水厂处理单元对其邻近区域的空气介质微生物组成影响较大。     

Simulated wetland conservation-restoration effects on water quantity and quality at watershed scale

Wetlands are one of the most important watershed microtopographic features that affect hydrologic processes (e.g., routing) and the fate and transport of constituents (e.g., sediment and nutrients). Efforts to conserve existing wetlands and/or to restore lost wetlands require that watershed-level effects of wetlands on water quantity and water quality be quantified. Because monitoring approaches are usually cost or logistics prohibitive at watershed scale, distributed watershed models such as the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), enhanced by the hydrologic equivalent wetland (HEW) concept developed by Wang [Wang, X., Yang, W., Melesse, A.M., 2008. Using hydrologic equivalent wetland concept within SWAT to estimate streamflow in watersheds with numerous wetlands. Trans. ASABE 51 (1), 55–72.], can be a best resort. However, there is a serious lack of information about simulated effects using this kind of integrated modeling approach. The objective of this study was to use the HEW concept in SWAT to assess effects of wetland restoration within the Broughton's Creek watershed located in southwestern Manitoba, and of wetland conservation within the upper portion of the Otter Tail River watershed located in northwestern Minnesota. The results indicated that the HEW concept allows the nonlinear functional relations between watershed processes and wetland characteristics (e.g., size and morphology) to be accurately represented in the models. The loss of the first 10–20% of the wetlands in the Minnesota study area would drastically increase the peak discharge and loadings of sediment, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN). On the other hand, the justifiable reductions of the peak discharge and loadings of sediment, TP, and TN in the Manitoba study area may require that 50–80% of the lost wetlands be restored. Further, the comparison between the predicted restoration and conservation effects revealed that wetland conservation seems to deserve a higher priority while both wetland conservation and restoration may be equally important.     

试论环境灾害的基本概念与主要类型

通过对国内外环境灾害研究现状的分析,综述了环境灾害的基本概念和类型划分.在此基础上,从灾害构成的三要素出发,认为所有灾害都产生于自然环境和人文环境之中.因此,若按孕灾环境来对灾害进行分类,环境灾害只可以分为自然环境灾害和人文环境灾害两大类,也即我们通常所称的自然灾害和人为(人文)灾害.据此,环境灾害就等同于灾害,它包括了自然灾害和人为灾害.环境灾害是灾害学的研究领域,直接关系到人类生命与财产的安全,而环境污染和环境问题是环境科学的研究范畴,主要只影响到人类的身体健康.环境污染是环境问题的一种,环境灾害与环境污染和环境问题具有不同的内涵,有着明显的区别.     

A study on variations of concentrations of particulate matter with different sizes in Lanzhou,China

Lanzhou is one of the most air-polluted cities in China and in the world, and its primary air pollutant is particulate matter (PM). Different size particulate matter (TSP, PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM_1.0) have different sources and affect the environment and human health differently, so it is very important to study the pollutant characteristics of different particles in order to deeply understand the pollution situation of Lanzhou city and establish reasonable preventive countermeasures. TSP, PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM_1.0 concentrations were simultaneously measured in Lanzhou to detect the annual and diurnal variations of concentrations of PM with different sizes and possible causes. The main results are as follows: (1) The annual distribution of monthly average concentrations for coarse particles (TSP and PM₁₀) is bimodal with the highest peak in April, which is different from the situation in other cities not affected by sand-dust events. However, the annual distribution for fine particles (PM_2.5 and PM_1.0) is unimodal with the peak in December. This difference between coarse and fine particles indicates that sand-dust events in spring carry much more coarse than fine particles to Lanzhou. This result is supported by the correlation between springtime wind speed and concentrations of PM with different sizes. (2) Under normal conditions (without dust intrusions), the diurnal distribution of coarse particle concentration in Lanzhou is bimodal. However, the distribution is trimodal during dust intrusions in April, with an extra peak in the afternoon. (3) In general, the highest concentration peaks of the diurnal variations for TSP, PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM_1.0 occur at about the same time. However, there are obvious differences in the occurrence time of the minimum concentrations among different kinds of PM. The differences in the occurrence time of minima between coarse and fine particles are due to their different diffusion behaviors in the atmospheric boundary layer.