Effects of advanced oxidation pretreatment on residual aluminum control in high humic acid water purification

Due to the formation of disinfection by-products and high concentrations of Al residue in drinking water purification, humic substances are a major component of organic matter in natural waters and have therefore received a great deal of attention in recent years. We investigated the effects of advanced oxidation pretreatment methods usually applied for removing dissolved organic matters on residual Al control. Results showed that the presence of humic acid increased residual Al concentration notably. With 15 mg/L of humic acid in raw water, the concentrations of soluble aluminum and total aluminum in the treated water were close to the quantity of Al addition. After increasing coagulant dosage from 12 to 120 mg/L, the total-Al in the treated water was controlled to below 0.2 mg/L. Purification systems with ozonation, chlorination, or potassium permanganate oxidation pretreatment units had little effects on residual Al control; while UV radiation decreased Al concentration notably. Combined with ozonation, the effects of UV radiation were enhanced. Optimal dosages were 0.5 mg O3/mg C and 3 hr for raw water with 15 mg/L of humic acid. Under UV light radiation, the combined forces or bonds that existed among humic acid molecules were destroyed; adsorption sites increased positively with radiation time, which promoted adsorption of humic acid onto polymeric aluminum and Al(OH)3(s). This work provides a new solution for humic acid coagulation and residual Al control for raw water with humic acid purification.     

鱼类循环水养殖系统DO变动及污染物去除

为优化工厂化循环水石斑鱼养殖系统的运行管理,利用DO在线监测系统,跟踪监测了石斑鱼两次喂料期间（48 h内）养殖池DO的波动情况,考察了DO随养殖池内NH4+-N、NO2--N、溶解性COD的变化规律,并研究了该养殖条件下生物滤池对污染物的去除性能。结果表明：在该养殖条件下,NH4+-N、NO2--N和COD分别在28、36和44 h恢复至喂料前的水平,48 h内养殖池NH4+-N、NO2--N和COD维持在0.32、1.27和2.40 mg·L-1以下;养殖池DO波动明显,随着污染物浓度的增加而降低,喂料2 h后DO低于安全浓度6 mg·L-1,养殖石斑鱼容易缺氧死亡;在该养殖系统中,弹性填料滤池对COD的去除能力较强,单个循环时间内最大去除率为61.84%;珊瑚砂滤池对NH4+-N、NO2--N去除能力较强,单个循环时间内最大去除率分别为38.17%、56.43%。可知,系统水处理效果良好,基本满足循环水养殖石斑鱼的相关水质要求;运用DO在线监控系统,跟踪监测DO变化情况,结合DO随污染物浓度变化的相关规律,可及时察觉养殖池水质变化,以便采取有效调控措施。     

污泥臭氧减量化过程中氮溶出物的规律

以污泥臭氧减量化过程中含氮物质的转变为研究核心,分析了减量过程中不同形态氮溶出物随臭氧投量的变化,并利用线性回归方程归纳出污泥溶解过程中各形态含氮物质的溶出规律。结果表明：当臭氧投量在0.15 g O3·（g TSS）-1时,TN的增长速率最高,增幅达437.44%,此时MLSS减少了41.28%,可将0.15 g O3·（g TSS）-1视为臭氧最佳投量;XPS图谱显示,溶出的NH4+-N、NO3--N主要由污泥絮体中铵态氮和硝态氮的释放所致,而凯氏氮主要来源于胞内蛋白质-N（有机态凯氏氮）的溶出,在臭氧投量为0.30 g O3·（g TSS）-1时,凯氏氮占溶出TN的93.46%;最终建立TN关于ΔMLSS、臭氧投量D和臭氧浓度C的数学模型为TN=ΔMLSS·（0.000 96C+0.011 2）=e3.992·D0.774·C1.466·（0.000 96C+0.011 2）,该模型应用范围为MLSS=4 000~5 000 mg·L-1,20 mg·L-1C-1,0.02 g O3·（g TSS）-1D3·（g TSS）-1。     

原位掺铁制备磁性活性炭吸附处理苯胺

以废次金银花叶渣为原料,采用原位掺铁法制备磁性活性炭（MAC）。运用BET、XRD和VSM分析技术表征MAC的物相结构及磁性能,考察投加量、温度、溶液pH值和时间对MAC吸附苯胺的影响,并解析MAC吸附苯胺的动力学和热力学机理。结果表明,原位掺铁法制备活性炭磁化物负载明显,其孔径为2.83 nm,比表面积为410.03 m2·g-1,饱和磁化强度为2.889 emu·g-1,表现出良好磁性能;当pH值为2、温度为40℃时,投加0.5 g MAC吸附初始浓度为200 mg·L-1的苯胺180 min后,苯胺降解率达到97.61%,溶液中苯胺质量浓度仅为4.79 mg·L-1;MAC对苯胺的吸附既有物理吸附,也有化学吸附,并满足Lagergren方程的准一级吸附动力学特征。     

基于病毒宏基因组学鉴定水环境中噬菌体携带的新型耐药基因及其耐药特点分析

水环境作为耐药基因的存储库,为耐药基因的水平转移和新型耐药基因的产生提供重要场所.但到目前为止,对水环境中病毒携带耐药基因的特征及其功能还知之甚少.因此以南四湖和东平湖为研究对象,利用病毒宏基因组学结合体外实验的方法探讨水环境中病毒携带新型耐药基因的情况及其耐药特点.通过分析病毒基因组的片段（reads）和重叠群（contigs）,鉴定出多种耐药基因,包括AAC（6’）、Qnr A、Van Y、Vat和β-内酰胺酶基因.值得关注的是,通过核心序列比对和进化分析,挖掘出两种噬菌体携带的新型β-内酰胺酶基因bla_NSDPV-1和bla_NSVM-1.最小抑菌浓度试验表明,这两种编码新型β-内酰胺酶的耐药基因对临床常用头孢类和碳青霉烯类抗生素具有一定的耐药性.综上所述,水环境中噬菌体很可能在新型耐药基因的产生和耐药基因散播中起着重要的作用.另外,病毒宏基因组学结合体外实验是发现噬菌体携带新型耐药基因的重要方法.     

用气流输送轨迹分析上海,重庆,贵阳的酸雨特点及其比较

用降雨时的气流输送轨迹,分析了上海、重庆和贵阳三地的酸雨特点和成因。研究表明,重庆和贵阳的酸雨,主要是受局地污染源的影响,远距离外来污染影响不大;但贵阳在静止锋天气时的酸雨,可能也受远处输送来的外来污染的影响。上海地区的酸雨,除受局地污染源的影响外,还受远处外来污染的影响。     

Observations of atmospheric pollutants at Lhasa during 2014–2015: Pollution status and the influence of meteorological factors

Atmospheric pollutants including SO₂, NO₂, CO, O₃ and inhalable particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) were monitored continuously from March 2014 to February 2015 to investigate characteristics of air pollution at Lhasa, Tibetan Plateau. Species exhibited similar seasonal variations except O₃, with the peaks in winter but low valleys in summer. The maximum O₃ concentration was observed in spring, followed by summer, autumn, and winter. The positive correlation between O₃ and PM₁₀ in spring indicated similar sources of them, and was assumed to be turbulent transport. Temperature was the dominant meteorological factor for most species in spring. High temperature accelerates O₃ photochemistry, and favors air disturbance which is conductive to dust resuspension in spring. Relative humidity (RH) and atmospheric pressure were the main meteorological factors in summer. RH showed negative correlations with species, while atmospheric pressure posed opposite situation. Wind speed (WS) was the dominant meteorological factor in autumn, the negative correlations between WS and species indicated diffusion by wind. Most species showed non-significant correlations with meteorological factors in winter, indicating the dependence of pollution on source emission rather than restriction by meteorology. Pollution weather character indicated that emissions were from biomass burning and dust suspension, and meteorological factors also played an important role. Air stream injection from the stratosphere was observed during O₃ pollution period. Air parcels from Southwest Asia were observed during air pollution period in winter. An enhancement in air pollutants such as O₃ would be expected in the future, more attention should be given to countermeasures for prevention of air pollution in the future.     

Characterization and acid-mobilization study for typical iron-bearing clay mineral

In this study, iron speciation in five standard clay samples was characterized. Iron mobilization from these clays was then measured in acidic media. For comparison, a commercially available Arizona test dust (ATD) was also observed. The results showed that the free-Fe contents of clays were commonly lower than that of dust aerosols. The components of clays were dominant by the structural Fe held in the aluminosilicate lattice. The iron solubility of the clays were in the order of KGa-2?>?SWy-2?>?CCa-2?>?IMt-2?>?NAu-2. Based upon the Mössbauer spectrum and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, the Fe(II) fraction and the Fe/Si ratio of clay particles changed after dissolution, suggesting the total Fe solubility depended on the Fe atom states existing within the aluminosilicate lattice. The Fe in KGa-2 and SWy-2 was most likely substituted for alkaline elements as the interlayer ions held by ionic bonds in the aluminosilicate, which are more liable to dissolution. However, the Fe in NAu-2 was more likely to be bound by strong covalent bonds in aluminosilicate mineral, which is less soluble. The much highly soluble Fe in ATD was not only linked to the dissolution of an appreciable fraction of Fe(II), but also could be attributed to the fact that the Fe bonds in the clay fraction of ATD were mainly present as ionic bonds. The TEM images showed that reacted clay particles displayed less aggregate particles, with nanoparticle aggregates and the Fe/S-rich tiny particles attached to the remains.     

电选法回收利用废印刷线路板

废印刷线路板含有多种有价值的物质,随意丢弃或处理处置方法不当既污染环境,又造成资源流失。采用剪切式破碎和电力分选技术对废印刷线路板的机械分离进行了研究。结果表明,电选法可以实现废印刷线路板中金属和玻璃纤维、树脂的分离;在实验的粒径范围内(-14+20目到-120+200目分为5个粒径级别),金属主要集中在-20+120目粒级范围内,且该粒级范围分选效果最好。     

调节风窗对瓦斯爆炸影响的数值分析*

为研究调节风窗的面积、位置对瓦斯爆炸传播特性的影响,通过FLACS软件构建不同面积和不同位置调节风窗的风门-巷道模型,对瓦斯在该模型中的爆炸及其传播进行数值模拟,并分析瓦斯爆炸压力、火焰传播速度。研究结果表明:风门前最大瓦斯爆炸压力值与调节风窗边长呈现指数减小关系,而风门后最大瓦斯爆炸压力值与调节风窗边长呈现指数增加关系;火焰传播速度与调节风窗边长呈现指数增加关系;相同面积情况下,调节风窗中心位置对瓦斯爆炸影响较小。