Applications of hollow nanomaterials in environmental remediation and monitoring: A review

Hollow nanomaterials have attracted significant attention because of their high chemical and thermal stability, high specific surface area, high porosity, low density, and good biocompatibility. These state-of-the-art nanomaterials have been shown to efficiently adsorb heavy metals, and volatile hazardous substances, photodegrade persistent organic pollutants, and other compounds, and inactivate bacteria. Such properties have enabled the use of these materials for environmental remediation, such as in water/wastewater treatment, soil remediation, air purification, and substance monitoring, etc. Hollow nanomaterials showed higher photocatalytic activity than those without hollow structure owing to their high active surface area, reduced diffusion resistance, and improved accessibility. And, the Doping method could improve the photocatalytic performance of hollow nanomaterials further under visible light. Moreover, the synthetic mechanisms and methods of these materials are important because their size and morphology help to determine their precise properties. This article reviews the environmental applications and potential risks of these materials, in addition to their syntheses. Finally, an outlook into the development of these materials is provided.     

湿式电除尘器极配改进及性能测定

极配形式作为电除尘器的核心组成部分,对电晕放电特性的影响十分重要。电除尘器极配系统电晕放电性能可用伏安特性曲线来描述和判断。通过实验研究了电场风速、雾滴粒径和喷水量对湿式电除尘器电晕放电特性的影响。结果表明:电场风速对起晕电压和火花放电电压的影响不大;在相同的试验条件下,随着电场风速的增大,伏安特性曲线向下偏移;在相同的电压下,雾滴粒径越大,电晕电流越大,但火花放电电压却降低;在一定的电场风速下,随着喷水量的增大,伏安特性曲线有向上偏移的趋势,但火花放电电压比不喷水时要低得多。     

Spatial distribution and sources of seven available heavy metals in the paddy soil of red region in Hunan Province of China

In recent years, the soil ecosystem in China has been increasingly polluted by heavy metals. As such, this paper investigated the pollution degree and spatial distribution of available heavy metals and determined their sources in the paddy soil of red region in Hunan Province of China. A total of 80 topsoil samples were collected (0–20 cm) from the study area, and their spatial distribution and sources were analyzed using geostatistical and multivariate analysis. The results showed that the contents of available Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, As, and Pb in the soil were 1.652, 1.057, 0.304, 0.747, 0.139, 0.295, and 6.348 mg/kg, respectively. Compared to soil background reference contents, all tested available elements exceeded the reference value except Ni and Pb. The spatial variation of available heavy metals was visualized by GIS. Correlation analysis was used to determine the association between soil properties and available heavy metals. The multivariate analysis suggested that the source contributions of the natural source, agricultural sources, and industrial activities accounted for 31.78%, 27.90%, and 15.48%, respectively.     

贵州地区大气汞污染及湿法脱硫装置除汞效果的初步评价

2004年冬季在贵州地区对大气中气态元素汞进行了大范围的流动监测调查,重点监测电厂分布地区及东部汞采冶加工地区,结果表明,气态元素汞浓度的高值出现在汞化工区和金矿区;在广大农村地区和小县城附近,大气汞浓度大都在100 ng/m3范围内.同期还进行了大气颗粒物汞的采样和分析,结果表明,监测到的大气颗粒物的汞浓度水平＜3 ng/m3,与国内其他一些城市相当;细颗粒物中汞的富集度高,粒径＜2.2 μm的颗粒物汞占60%～80%.此外,实测了采用石灰-石膏法脱硫电厂的燃煤汞平衡,评价了汞去除效果,结果表明,燃煤中的汞大约20%留在灰渣中,石灰-石膏脱去约20%,约59%的汞通过烟气排放到空气中.     

北海银滩滨海旅游度假区海域环境质量分析

2014年3月至10月通过对北海银滩滨海旅游度假区海域环境质量状况的监视监测,采用年平均指数法进行年度综合等级评价,并根据统计分析结果对影响该度假区的主要原因进行分析。研究结果表明,北海银滩滨海旅游度假区的水质指数为4.3,达到良好及以上的天数占97%,水质状况优良;海面状况指数为4.7,海面环境状况极佳;平均休闲(观光)活动指数为4.4,适宜开展各项休闲娱乐活动的天数达到90%以上。该度假区海域环境质量状况总体优良,很适宜开展滨海休闲观光活动,其中部分时段不适宜开展的主要原因是天气不佳。     

Effects of Land Use Change on Soil Carbon Storage and Water Consumption in an Oasis-Desert Ecotone

Land use and ecosystem services need to be assessed simultaneously to better understand the relevant factors in sustainable land management. This paper analyzed land use changes in the middle reach of the arid Heihe River Basin in northwest China over the last two decades and their impacts on water resources and soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. The results indicated that from 1986 to 2007: (1) cropland and human settlements expanded by 45.0 and 17.6 %, respectively, at the expense of 70.1, 35.7, and 4.1 % shrinkage on woodland, grassland, and semi-shrubby desert; (2) irrigation water use was dominant and increased (with fluctuations) at an average rate of 8.2 %, while basic human water consumption increased monotonically over a longer period from 1981 to 2011 at a rate of 58 %; and (3) cropland expansion or continuous cultivation led to a significant reduction of SOC, while the land use transition from grassland to semi-shrubby desert and the progressive succession of natural ecosystems such as semi-shrubby desert and grassland, in contrast, can bring about significant carbon sequestration benefits. The increased water consumption and decreased SOC pool associated with some observed land use changes may induce and aggravate potential ecological risks for both local and downstream ecosystems, including water resource shortages, soil quality declines, and degeneration of natural vegetation. Therefore, it is necessary to balance socioeconomic wellbeing and ecosystem services in land use planning and management for the sustainability of socio-ecological systems across spatiotemporal scales, especially in resource-poor arid environments.     

全数字化环境监测系统的研制

研究了基于B/S和C/S混合模式的全数字化环境监测系统的拓扑网络结构、逻辑结构和系列关键技术。监测系统构建了基于信号获取层、数据采集层、片区管理层和中心管理层的数据流动模型,用户客户端群由片区客户端、中心客户端和移动客户端构成,通过Interanet和Internet构建了可视化环境监控平台。提出了基于图像处理的方法和支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)的工业烟尘浓度和排放量的识别算法。运行实际情况表明,系统具有实时可视化监控、准确浓度排放数据、终端用户使用简单可靠、系统可扩容性好等特点。该系统可为其他大型企业的环境监测提供参考。     

气浮-BAF处理钢厂废水回用工程

采用气浮-曝气生物滤池(BAF)系统处理钢厂杂排水,以废水中的COD和SS为主要因子,进水浓度分别为114和122 mg/L的条件下,经过2个单元的处理,出水浓度可达50和13 mg/L。该处理工艺系统稳定,出水可全部回用,运行成本低,环境效益显著。     

不同植物对沟渠沉积物反硝化速率及功能基因的影响研究

植物是影响沉积物反硝化作用的重要因素之一,国内外已有不少研究探讨了植物对河口或湖泊沉积物反硝化速率的影响,但关于植物类型对自然沟渠沉积物反硝化速率及其相应功能基因的影响研究不多.因此,本文以7种常见沟渠植物为研究对象,通过室内盆栽试验,利用改进的乙炔抑制法和实时荧光定量PCR技术研究了不同植物对自然沟渠沉积物反硝化速率和相应功能基因(nirS和nirK)拷贝数的影响.结果表明,培养至第180 d时,不同植物生长条件下沉积物反硝化速率在2.85～13.20μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)之间,不同植物间反硝化速率差异显著,且大型挺水植物浮水植物小型挺水植物.不同植物之间沉积物中nirS基因拷贝数在2.70×10~8～5.02×10~8 copies·g~(-1)之间,nirK基因拷贝数在3.97×10~5～6.91×10~5 copies·g~(-1)之间,与培养初期相比,培养180 d后沉积物中nirK、nirS基因拷贝数明显增多.7种植物中,美人蕉沉积物中的反硝化功能基因拷贝数较高,狐尾藻较低,整体来看,基因拷贝数大小顺序为:挺水植物浮水植物.nirS基因拷贝数与NO~-_3-N含量、TN含量及反硝化速率之间均呈显著性的正相关关系(p0.05),但nirK基因拷贝数与沉积物碳氮含量及反硝化速率之间相关性不显著.     

Oxidation of bisphenol F (BPF) by manganese dioxide

Bisphenol F (BPF), an environmental estrogen, is used as a monomer in plastic industry and its environmental fate and decontamination are emerging concern. This study focused on the kinetics, influencing factors and pathways of its oxidation by MnO₂. At pH 5.5, about 90% of BPF was oxidized in 20 min in a solution containing 100 μM MnO₂ and 4.4 μM BPF. The reaction was pH-dependent, following an order of pH 4.5 > pH 5.5 > pH 8.6 > pH 7.5 > pH 6.5 > pH 9.6. Humic acids inhibited the reaction at low (≤pH 5.5) and high pH (≥pH 8.6) at high concentrations. In addition, metal ions and anions also suppressed the reaction, following the order Mn²⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ and HPO₄²⁻ > Cl⁻ > NO₃⁻ ≈ SO₄²⁻, respectively. A total of 5 products were identified, from which a tentative pathway was proposed.