Wet precipitation chemistry at a high-altitude site (3,326 m a.s.l.) in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau

This paper presents the results of wet precipitation chemistry from September 2009 to August 2010 at a high-altitude forest site in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). The alkaline wet precipitation, with pH ranging from 6.25 to 9.27, was attributed to the neutralization of dust in the atmosphere. Wet deposition levels of major ions and trace elements were generally comparable with other alpine and remote sites around the world. However, the apparently greater contents/fluxes of trace elements (V, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd), compared to those in central and southern TP and pristine sites of the world, reflected potential anthropogenic disturbances. The almost equal mole concentrations and perfect linear relationships of Na⁺ and Cl^? suggested significant sea-salts sources, and was confirmed by calculating diverse sources. Crust mineral dust was responsible for a minor fraction of the chemical components (less than 15 %) except Al and Fe, while most species (without Na⁺, Cl^?, Mg²⁺, Al, and Fe) arose mainly from anthropogenic activities. High values of as-K⁺ (anthropogenic sources potassium), as-SO₄ ^2?, and as-NO₃ ^? observed in winter and spring demonstrated the great effects of biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion in these seasons, which coincided with haze layer outburst in South Asia. Atmospheric circulation exerted significant influences on the chemical components in wet deposition. Marine air masses mainly originating from the Bay of Bengal provided a large number of sea salts to the chemical composition, while trace elements during summer monsoon seasons were greatly affected by industrial emissions from South Asia. The flux of wet deposition was 1.12 kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1 for NH₄ ⁺–N and 0.29 kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1 for NO₃ ^?–N. The total atmospheric deposition of N was estimated to be 6.41 kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1, implying potential impacts on the alpine ecosystem in this region.     

催化内电解法处理废水用镀覆电极的研究进展

针对催化内电解法中,金属催化电极价格昂贵,难以在废水处理中大规模应用的问题,介绍了采用化学镀与浸镀工艺制备金属催化镀覆电极的工艺方法、衡量镀覆电极理化性能的主要指标与表征手段;指出了镀覆过程的关键技术及不同工艺条件对其理化性能的影响;比较了镀覆电极与同类金属电极对废水中污染物的催化降解性能。指出了镀覆基体与金属材料选择及制备工艺存在的问题,并展望了镀覆电极在催化内电解法处理废水中的应用前景。     

能量色散X射线荧光法快速测定生物质燃料中的磷含量

应用能量色散X射线荧光光谱法建立了生物质燃料中磷含量的快速测定方法。对比分析压片压力条件、基体效应和干扰元素,明确了能量色散X射线荧光光谱法的测试条件,通过加标回收率实验、标准样品测试、ICP-OES方法对比等获得实验结果。实验结果表明:能量色散X射线荧光光谱法用于生物质燃料样品的分析,标准工作曲线线性相关系数为0.998 3,方法检出限为0.4 mg/kg,平均加标回收率为98.1%,测定值的相对标准偏差为1.36%~4.92%,标准样品磷含量在标准值不确定度内,能量色散X射线荧光光谱法与行业标准ICP-OES方法的准确度和精密度不存在显著性差异,可应用于生物质中磷含量的环境监测。     

成都气象要素等级对大气污染的改善作用研究

为找到对成都空气质量有改善作用的气象要素等级,量化成都气象条件对大气污染物的影响,对2015—2018年成都环境监测站空气质量监测数据和温江国家气候观象台同时段的气象观测资料进行了研究分析。结果表明：(1)成都中部地区的空气质量污染较为严重,全年主要以PM_2.5和O₃污染为主,占比达75%,2015—2018年成都的PM_2.5污染呈下降趋势,而O₃污染虽有所波动但没有显著改善。(2)PM_2.5持续重污染过程中,过去12 h降水量和过去24 h降水量均大于1 mm,均为有效降水,大于2.5 mm对PM_2.5污染的改善作用显著增强;相对湿度低于70%对中度及以上PM_2.5污染的改善作用同步增加,低于40%对轻度PM_2.5污染的改善作用较为明显,优良天气的发生概率显著增加;风速大于1 m/s时PM_2.5浓度随风速的增大而减小,大于2 m/s对PM_2.5浓度的改善作用显著加强。...     

半干旱油田开采区生态建设方法与对策研究

半干旱地区生态环境比较脆弱,而油田开采生产活动、人类生活活动与生态环境之间相互影响,相互制约。为保障油田生产及生态环境的协调发展,对半干旱油田开采区进行生态建设显得尤为重要。对油田开采区进行功能分区,将开采区分为生态园林绿化区、生态防护林与景观生态建设区、水土流失治理区、施工区及取弃土场土地复垦区等几个区域。根据不同功能区特点,提出生态建设的具体方法和对策,指导半干旱油田开采区生产生活活动可持续发展。     

Mercury transformation processes in nature: Critical knowledge gaps and perspectives for moving forward

The transformation of mercury (Hg) in the environment plays a vital role in the cycling of Hg and its risk to the ecosystem and human health. Of particular importance are Hg oxidation/reduction and methylation/demethylation processes driven or mediated by the dynamics of light, microorganisms, and organic carbon, among others. Advances in understanding those Hg transformation processes determine our capacity of projecting and mitigating Hg risk. Here, we provide a critical analysis of major knowledge gaps in our understanding of Hg transformation in nature, with perspectives on approaches moving forward. Our analysis focuses on Hg transformation processes in the environment, as well as emerging methodology in exploring these processes. Future avenues for improving the understanding of Hg transformation processes to protect ecosystem and human health are also explored.     

半胱氨酸合铁(Ⅱ)溶液同时脱除烟中SO_2和NO_x和研究

研究用半胱氨酸合铁（Ⅱ）溶液同时脱除烟气中ＳＯ＿２和ＮＯ＿ｘ，研究了［ＳＯ＿３￣（２－）〕对ＮＯ＿ｘ脱除率的影响、半胱氨酸的再生。实验表明：烟气中ＳＯ＿２可以全部脱除；随［ＳＯ＿３￣（２－＿）］的增加能增大半胱氨酸合铁（Ⅱ）溶液对ＮＯ的吸收，但有一定限度；氧化产物胱氨酸可用Ｈ＿２Ｓ／ＳＯ＿２／ＯＨ－（Ｎａ＿２Ｓ／Ｎａ＿２ＳＯ＿３）体系还原为半阶氨酸。使此过程循环，无二次污染。     

发动机燃用GTL柴油的排气颗粒数量及粒径分布规律

以一台汽车电控高压共轨柴油机为样机,采用发动机尾气颗粒粒径谱仪EEPS研究了发动机燃用天然气制油(GTL柴油)的排气颗粒数量及粒径分布规律.所用燃油分别为纯柴油(G0)、纯GTL柴油(G100)及GTL柴油掺混比为10%、20%的燃料(分别表示为G10、G20).试验工况为最大转矩转速1500r.min-1和标定转速2300r.min-1的负荷特性试验,负荷百分比分别为10%、25%、50%、75%和100%.结果表明:无论燃用柴油,还是GTL柴油或混合燃料,该机排气颗粒数量随粒径变化大都呈现明显的双峰对数分布状态,其排气核态颗粒的峰值粒径在10nm附近,聚集态颗粒峰值集中出现在40～50nm之间.随着GTL柴油配比的增加,各工况下不同粒径的颗粒数量大都持续下降,其中,排气核态颗粒数量明显下降,在高速高负荷下更为显著;而聚集态颗粒也较纯柴油有一定的降幅,其中,G20和G100柴油更为明显.     

燃用生物柴油对柴油机颗粒生成和排放特性研究进展

为深入研究生物柴油对柴油机颗粒排放的影响,在总结国内外相关研究进展的基础上,通过研究生物柴油的化学组成和物理特性,讨论了生物柴油产生颗粒的特殊性及其对环境的影响.在此基础上,从PAHs（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,多环芳烃）的形成途径角度简要分析了生物柴油颗粒形成的机理,并从生物柴油的3个关键性质入手,分析了其对颗粒排放的规律和影响.最后,以实际柴油机运行时的5项参数为基础,讨论柴油机实际使用生物柴油对颗粒排放的影响.结果表明:①不同材料和产地生物柴油的理化特性和对颗粒排放的影响有很大不同,但总体有利于减少对人体和环境的有害排放.②生物柴油将改变颗粒形成过程中半挥发性物质在微晶核表面的吸附,富氧作用也使燃烧热解后生成的颗粒尺寸更小,减少40%~50%;同时,纳米结构上的变化增加了生物柴油颗粒的反应活性,形成了更多30 nm以内的核态模式颗粒,更容易被人体吸收.③脂肪酸链的长度、不饱和度和含氧量对生物柴油颗粒排放量的减少发挥了重要作用,而柴油机参数的不同也对生物柴油的颗粒排放十分重要.④生物柴油对颗粒生成机理的关键在于复杂的含碳前驱物的生成路径.使用生物柴油总体上可减少前驱物的排放量,其主要成分为四元环和五元环,占总排放量的58.70%以上,但苯并蒽和?分别上升了44%和340%.研究显示,柴油机燃用生物柴油对颗粒排放有积极的一面,但在超细颗粒和某些特定前驱物控制上仍需引起高度重视.      

Fast and Living Ring-Opening Polymerization of l-Lactide Initiated with In-situ–Generated Calcium Alkoxides

The ring-opening polymerization of l-lactide with calcium alkoxides generated in-situ from bis(tetrahydrofuran)calcium bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amide] and 2-propanol are presented. The polymerization in THF at room temperature proceeds rapidly and in a living manner, giving poly(l-lactide)s of controlled molecular weight, low polydispersity, and tailored end-functionalities. Kinetic studies show the absence of an induction period and a pseudo-first order rate constant of 6.41 L mol^–1 min^–1, which is significantly higher than for related Y₅(-O)(O ⁱ Pr)_13– or aluminum alkoxide-initiated polymerizations. The initiation involves a two-step process: (1) alcoholysis of bis(tetrahydrofuran)calcium bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amide] to give the corresponding calcium alkoxide and (2) ring-opening of l-lactide via acyl-oxygen cleavage and insertion into the calcium-alkoxide bond. In the presence of excess alcohol, fast and reversible exchange between free alcohol molecules and coordinated alkoxide ligands takes place. This allows tuning of the poly(l-lactide) molecular weight over a wide range.