生活垃圾填埋场封场后种植植物中重金属迁移研究

在上海老港生活垃圾填埋场填埋单元封场的覆盖土中掺混了矿化垃圾种植植物,分析Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn 4种重金属在土壤和植物中的迁移变化,研究表明:(1)覆盖土土质从一般耕作土变成肥沃土壤;覆盖土和种植混合土重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn中Cd、Pb含量相近,但种植土的Cu含量略大于覆盖原土,Zn含量远大于覆盖原土;(2)植物能富集土壤和垃圾中的重金属,木本植物的根部富集重金属的能力强于草本植物,但重金属在草本植物根、茎、叶中的迁移速度大于木本植物;(3)植物根、茎、叶的Cu、Zn含量均远大于未受污染土壤种植植物相应部位的Cu、Zn含量,种植的植物不能供家养动物食用,以免通过食物链作用危及人体安全.     

城市污水厂污泥内循环自热高温微好氧消化的处理

利用一种新型的内循环自热式污泥高温微好氧消化装置对城市污泥进行消化处理。通过在反应器中增加内筒的方法,使得内筒中污泥通过搅拌器的提升作用在内外筒之间循环以提高消化速率。结果表明,增加内筒之后,消化系统的污泥VS去除率在第16天达到了41.52%,而未添加内筒的反应器污泥到第20天时仍未到达稳定化水平。因此,加了内筒的单段式ATAD消化反应器与不加内筒的单段式ATAD消化反应器相比可以使得污泥更快地达到稳定状态。另外,与没有内筒相比,增加内筒后反应器顶部和底部的ORP和pH值均维持较高水平,消除了曝气死角。增加内筒后,顶部和底部污泥上清液中SCOD、VFA、TN、NH4+-N和TP浓度基本保持一致,而没有内筒则相差较大,表明增加内筒后,反应器内污泥混合更加均匀。     

低进水浓度CASS工艺沿程污染物去除特征及微生物群落变化

南方部分城镇污水浓度偏低,而循环式活性污泥法(CASS)能较好地处理低浓度污水,处理性能与微生物群落特征密切相关,但鲜有研究涉及其沿程微生物群落结构变化。本研究选取广东省某CASS城镇污水厂作为典型案例,分析其沿程污染物去除特征和微生物变化,从微生物学角度探讨污染物的去除机理。结果表明：低进水浓度CASS生化池沿程耗氧有机物(以COD计)、TN、NO₃⁻-N、TP主要在污泥选择区被吸附降解,进水1 h COD和TP值降至最低,NH₄⁺-N主要在主反应区被氧化降解,生化池可去除污水中56.42%的耗氧有机物(以COD计)、41.71%的TN、77.78%的NH₄⁺-N、99.59%的TP。生化池主要优势菌门有变形菌门、拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门和浮霉菌门,变形菌门是影响微生物多样性变化的关键菌门。属水平上,进水1 h选择区Zoogloea、Aeromonas和Thauera丰度较高,主反应区Nitrospira丰度较高;进水结束选择区Nitrospira丰度较高,主反应区Terrimonas和Lactobacillus丰度较高;沉淀1 h选择区Thauera丰度提高,主反应区Nitrosomonas丰度较高,主要发生氨氧化;闲置结束选择区脱氮菌类型多丰度高,主反应区Sulfuritalea、Haliangium、Zoogloea丰度较高。沿程功能性微生物丰度变化与污染物浓度变化相对应。NO₃⁻-N对微生物群落结构的塑造影响最显著(解释度为38.92%)。氮代谢途径表明沿程主反应区均发生全程硝化反硝化,选择区均发生短程硝化和全程反硝化,除进水1 h外,其余阶段选择区的反硝化功能基因丰度均比主反应区高。     

Zn-Al-La-LDHs改性膨润土对富营养化湖泊中磷的锁定效果

采用恒定pH共沉淀法制备了Zn-Al-La-LDHs改性膨润土,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)对样品微观形貌、元素组成、晶体结构进行了表征。结果表明：Zn-Al-La-LDHs已成功合成并负载于膨润土表面;Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型均能很好地拟合Zn-Al-La-LDHs改性膨润土对磷酸根的吸附过程,吸附过程中同时存在单层吸附和多层吸附,最大吸附容量可达12 mg∙g⁻¹。在富营养化程度较高的汤逊湖中心取5根带底泥和上覆水的样柱,进行了除磷药剂投加量实验。结果表明,根据上覆水溶解性磷酸盐(SRP)含量、表层8 cm底泥中活性磷(NaOH-P)含量、投药量安全系数(取10%)、改性膨润土吸附容量,可计算得到投药量;据前述计算结果投加所需的除磷药剂后,汤逊湖实验柱上覆水总磷(TP)质量浓度锁定在0.05 mg∙L⁻¹以下,达到或优于地表水Ⅲ类水体有关总磷的水质要求(TP≤0.05 mg∙L⁻¹)。以上结果说明所研制的Zn-Al-La-LDHs改性膨润土可用于富营养化水体的控磷。     

Environmental impacts of a large-scale incinerator with mixed MSW of high water content from a LCA perspective

Large-scale incinerators are applied widely as a result of the heavy burden of municipal solid waste(MSW) generated, while strong opposition is arising from the public living nearby. A large-scale working incineration plant of 1500 ton/day was chosen for evaluation using life cycle assessment. It was found that the corresponding human toxicity impacts via soil(HTs), human toxicity impacts via water(HTw) and human toxicity impacts via air(HTa)categories are 0.213, 2.171, and 0.012 personal equivalents(PE), and global warming(GW100)and nutrient enrichment(NE) impacts are 0.002 and 0.001 PE per ton of waste burned for this plant. Heavy metals in flue gas, such as Hg and Pb, are the two dominant contributors to the toxicity impact categories, and energy recovery could reduce the GW100 and NE greatly. The corresponding HTs, HTw and HTa decrease to 0.087, 0.911 and 0.008 PE, and GW100 turns into savings of- 0.007 PE due to the increase of the heating value from 3935 to5811 k J/kg, if a trommel screener of 40 mm mesh size is used to pre-separate MSW. MSW sorting and the reduction of water content by physical pressure might be two promising pre-treatment methods to improve the combustion performance, and the application of stricter standards for leachate discharge and the flue gas purification process are two critical factors for improvement of the environmental profile identified in this work.     

Greenhouse gas emission and its potential mitigation process from the waste sector in a large-scale exhibition

As one of the largest human activities, World Expo is an important source of anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas emission (GHG), and the GHG emission and other environmental impacts of the Expo Shanghai 2010, where around 59,397 tons of waste was generated during 184 Expo running days, were assessed by life cycle assessment (LCA). Two scenarios, i.e., the actual and expected figures of the waste sector, were assessed and compared, and 124.01 kg CO₂-equivalent (CO₂-eq.), 4.43 kg SO₂-eq., 4.88 kg NO₃^--eq., and 3509 m³ water per ton tourist waste were found to be released in terms of global warming (GW), acidification (AC), nutrient enrichment (NE) and spoiled groundwater resources (SGWR), respectively. The total GHG emission was around 3499 ton CO₂-eq. from the waste sector in Expo Park, among which 86.47% was generated during the waste landfilling at the rate of 107.24 kg CO₂-eq., and CH₄, CO and other hydrocarbons (HC) were the main contributors. If the waste sorting process had been implemented according to the plan scenario, around 497 ton CO₂-eq. savings could have been attained. Unlike municipal solid waste, with more organic matter content, an incineration plant is more suitable for tourist waste disposal due to its high heating value, from the GHG reduction perspective.     

Treatment of sewage using an aged-refuse-based bioreactor

The refuse in landfills becomes stabilized or aged after years of placement, and the resultant partly or fully stabilized refuse thus obtained is referred to as "aged refuse" in this work. The aged refuse contains a wide spectrum and large quantity of microorganisms, which have been proved to have a strong decomposition capability for both biodegradable and refractory organic matter present in some wastewaters. In this study, the aged refuse excavated from a 10-year old closed landfill compartment at Shanghai Refuse Landfill was used as the substrate in a bioreactor for the biofiltration of sewage taken from the sewage pipeline systems in Shanghai downtown areas. Typically, 120kg of screened aged refuse with a diameter less than 15mm was used as biofiltration material in a round shaped bioreactor with an inner diameter of 80cm and a height of 150cm. Influent sewage with initial COD, BOD, and NH(3)-N concentrations of 400-500, 240-300, and 45-50mg/L, respectively, was introduced into the bioreactor. The corresponding concentrations in the effluent were reduced to below 80-100, 10-20, and 10-15mg/L, respectively, at a hydraulic load of 1000-1200L/m(3) refuse/day, and the treatment efficiencies decreased with increased hydraulic load. The treatment mechanism was also studied. It was found that the pollutant removal efficiencies dramatically decreased when the aged refuse in the bioreactor was preliminarily disinfected using NaClO solutions, indicating that the pollutants in the sewage were biologically removed. The treatment process developed in this work is cost-effective.     

开发长江流域水库渔业的思考

长江流域水库密集,蕴藏着巨大的渔业资源,由于人口增加,耕地减少,保护土地成为国策,今后靠用耕地开挖池塘养鱼来增加水产品产量已不可能;我国传统的四大海洋经济鱼类,因过度捕捞,已不成渔汛,湖泊不断减少,江河环境受到不同程序的污染,使湖泊,灌河渔业产量下降。相反,随着岁月流长,人类进步,经济繁荣,人工湖－即水库将会不断增加。     

Blind identification of active landslides in urban areas: a new set of comprehensive criteria

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - More than 70% of catastrophic landslides were previously unknown and brought tremendous losses to human life and property in urban regions; therefore,...     

Excel 2000在环境监测数据统计中的应用

介绍了Ｅｘｃｅｌ ２０００在环境监测报表中进行数据统计、输出表格和图形的方法。