硫化氢捕消剂的应用试验研究

针对硫化氢气体的特点,研制了在泄漏事故中用于清除硫化氢气体的硫化氢捕消剂;开展了密闭空间和开放空间硫化氢清除应用试验,结果表明,硫化氢捕消剂能够有效地清除泄漏在空气中的硫化氢气体。     

Characterizing the antibiotic resistance genes in a river catchment: Influence of anthropogenic activities

Previous studies on environmental antibiotics resistance genes(ARGs) have focused on the pollution sources such as wastewater treatment plants, aquaculture and livestock farms,etc. Few of them had addressed this issue in a regional scale such as river catchment. Hence,the occurrence and abundances of 23 ARGs were investigated in surface water samples collected from 38 sites which located from the river source to estuary of the Beijiang River.Among them, 11 ARGs were frequently detected in this region and 5 ARGs(sul I, sul II, tet B,tet C, and tet W) were selected for their distribution pattern analysis. The abundances of the selected ARGs were higher in the upstream(8.70 × 10~6 copies/ng DNA) and downstream areas(3.17 × 10~6 copies/ng DNA) than those in the midstream areas(1.23 × 10~6 copies/ng DNA), which was positively correlated to the population density and number of pollution sources. Pollution sources of ARGs along the Beijiang River not only had a great impact on the abundances and diversity, but also on the distribution of specific ARGs in the water samples. Both sul I and sul II were likely originated from aquaculture farms and animal farms,tet W gene was possibly associated with the mining/metal melting industry and the electric waste disposal and tet C gene was commonly found in the area with multiple pollution sources.However, the abundance of tet B was not particularly related to anthropogenic impacts. These findings highlight the influence of pollution sources and density of population on the distribution and dissemination of ARGs at a regional scale.     

不同种类表面活性剂联合离子液体预处理稻秆的物化特性研究

预处理是提高木质纤维材料酶解效果的关键步骤,更是木质纤维材料制造生物乙醇的重要环节.因此,对木质纤维材料进行预处理以促进酶解糖化过程具有重要意义.本研究以稻秆为原料,探讨不同类型表面活性剂(包括阳离子型、阴离子型、非离子型、生物)联合离子液体对木质纤维材料转化率及酶解初速度的影响,并通过稻秆成分分析、FTIR、XRD对处理前后稻秆的结构、结晶性进行了分析比较.结果表明,与单独离子液体处理相比,表面活性剂联合离子液体预处理稻秆可提升纤维转化率,效果为:生物表面活性剂-离子液体非离子型表面活性剂-离子液体阴离子型表面活性剂-离子液体阳离子型表面活性剂-离子液体.与未处理及单独离子液体处理稻秆相比,生物表面活性剂-离子液体预处理稻秆的纤维转化率分别提高55.38%和22.03%.     

上海春季大气PM_1分布特征

利用2015年春季(3月—5月)上海地区9个大气成分站在线观测获得的地面PM_1质量浓度数据,研究该地区PM_1浓度时空分布特征。结果表明,上海地区各站PM_1污染浓度水平总体较高,整个上海地区的PM_1小时平均浓度为26.3μg?m~(-3),最大值为126.4μg?m~(-3),最小值为2.4μg?m~(-3);各站PM_1浓度的日变化分布表现为峰值类型和峰值时间不一;各站PM_1三个主要粒径段的质量浓度比值均有一定的差异,其中东滩PM_1比例最大,宝山最小;上海春季PM_1的浓度逆周末效应,可能是由于春季气象条件周期性影响。     

电化学辅助微电解法处理焦化废水

制备了锰粉改进的规整化微电解填料,采用电化学辅助改进微电解填料处理初始COD为6 153.6 mg/L、ρ(NH_3-N)为182.6 mg/L的焦化废水,优化了工艺条件。实验结果表明,电化学辅助微电解法处理焦化废水的最佳工艺条件为电压8 V,填料投加量20 g/L,初始废水pH 6,反应时间30 min。在此条件下废水COD去除率为75.3%,NH_3-N去除率为65.4%;在其他工艺条件相同的情况下,未通过电化学辅助的填料微电解反应的COD去除率为33.0%,NH_3-N去除率为16.2%,电化学辅助后的COD去除率和NH_3-N去除率均明显提高。     

Removal of nutrients and veterinary antibiotics from swine wastewater by a constructed macrophyte floating bed system

The potential of three varieties of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), Dryan, Tachimasari and Waseyutaka, to improve the water quality of swine wastewater was evaluated using a constructed macrophyte floating bed system. With respect to reductions in levels of nutrients, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and sulfonamide antimicrobials (SAs, including sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, and sulfamethoxazole), Dryan performed better than Tachimasari and Waseyutaka. For Dryan, total N was reduced by 84.0%, total P by 90.4%, COD by 83.4% and sulfonamide antimicrobials by 91.8–99.5%. Similar results were observed for Tachimasari and Waseyutaka. The results indicated that the treatment of swine wastewater using the constructed macrophyte floating bed system was effective in the removal of nutrients and veterinary antibiotics.     

生态旅游环境容量研究进展

生态旅游环境容量是在生态旅游研究成熟后的另一个热点,通过对国内外相关文献梳理后发现,国外对生态旅游环境容量的研究起步较早、成果颇丰、用途广泛且研究体系自成一脉,国内对生态旅游环境研究取得成绩的同时还有很多不足,特别是现有的测量方法已落后于生态旅游的发展,今后需系统梳理生态旅游容量的理论,并在理论指导下提出适合自身的动态测量模式,进一步向旅游环境容量综合管理转变。     

Effectiveness of protected areas for vertebrates based on taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity

Establishing protected areas is the primary goal and tool for preventing irreversible biodiversity loss. However, the effectiveness of protected areas that target specific species has been questioned for some time because targeting key species for conservation may impair the integral regional pool of species diversity and phylogenetic and functional diversity are seldom considered. We assessed the efficacy of protected areas in China for the conservation of phylogenetic diversity based on the ranges and phylogenies of 2279 terrestrial vertebrates. Phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity were strongly and positively correlated, and only 12.1–43.8% of priority conservation areas are currently protected. However, the patterns and coverage of phylogenetic diversity were affected when weighted by species richness. These results indicated that in China, protected areas targeting high species richness protected phylogenetic diversity well overall but failed to do so in some regions with more unique or threatened communities (e.g., coastal areas of eastern China, where severely threatened avian communities were less protected). Our results suggest that the current distribution of protected areas could be improved, although most protected areas protect both taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity.     

Nitrous oxide generation in denitrifying phosphorus removal process: main causes and control measures

Despite the many benefits of denitrifying phosphorus removal process, the significant generation of nitrous oxide (N₂O), a potent greenhouse gas, remains a problem for this innovative and promising process. To better understand and more effectively control N₂O generation in denitrifying phosphorus removal process, batch experiments were carried out to investigate the main causes of N₂O generation, based on which the control measures were subsequently proposed. The results showed that N₂O generation accounted for 0.41 % of the total nitrogen removal in denitrifying phosphorus removal process, whereas, in contrast, almost no N₂O was generated in conventional denitrification process. It was further demonstrated that the weak competition of N₂O reductase for electrons and the high nitrite accumulation were the two main causes for N₂O generation, evidenced by N₂O production and reduction rates under different conditions. Accordingly, the reduction of N₂O generation was successfully achieved via two control measures: (1) the use of continuous nitrate addition reducing N₂O generation by around 91.4 % and (2) the use of propionate as the carbon source reducing N₂O generation by around 69.8 %.     

Impacts of Dung Combustion on the Carbon Cycle of Alpine Grassland of the North Tibetan Plateau

Alpine grassland of Tibet is a frangible ecosystem in terms of carbon (C) emission. Yak dung is an important resident energy with about 80 % of yak dung combusted for energy in the north Tibetan plateau. This paper investigated the impact of dung combustion on the C cycle of the alpine grassland ecosystem in north Tibet, China. During the growing season of 2011, from a field survey and household questionnaires, the main impacts of dung collection for fuel on the C cycle of the ecosystem were identified. (1) The C sequestration and storage capacity, including the dung-derived C stored in soil and C captured by vegetation, decreased. The net primary production decreased remarkably because of the reduction of dung returned to soil. (2) In a given period, more C was emitted to the atmosphere in the dung combustion situation than that in the dung returned to soil situation. (3) The energy grazing alpine meadow ecosystem changed into a net C source, and the net biome production of the ecosystem dropped to ?15.18 g C/m² year in the dung combustion situation, 42.95 g C/m² year less than that in the dung returned situation. To reduce the CO₂ emission derived from dung use, the proportion of dung combustion should be reduced and alternative renewable energy such as solar, wind, or hydro energy should be advocated, which is suitable for, and accessible to, the north Tibetan plateau.