Fluoride distibution and the effect of some ions along Alexandria coastal Mediterranean seawater of Egypt

The coastal seawater of Mediterranean of Alexandria receives large amount of discharged waters containing industrial wastes, sewage, and agricultural and domestic drainage. Fluoride and some parameters were(chemical and physical) determined. The data gave indication that the content and the amount of the discharged water largely affect the chemical composition of the coastal water. Stepwise regression analysis was highly significant and the model was very fruitful, where the observed and calculated values were mostly concordant. This may indicated that there was a relation between fluoride content in coastal seawater and its content in the discharged water.     

海水中痕量元素测定方法的比较

——用三种仪器技术的五种不同分析方法研究了沿岸海水中痕量金属含量的测定。用同位素稀释火花源质谱法,石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法,离子交换和螯合溶剂萃取预富集电子耦合等离子发射光谱法或直接用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法核对了所得结果。比较不同分析方法对应的数据是考验这些方法合理性的实用办法,增高所得结果的可信度,在缺乏标准参考物时尤其适用。——测定海水中的痕量元素有很大的困难(1)。对极低浓度分析物(0.02—10毫克/升)定量由于伴有3.5％溶解固体组成的基体,从而对仪器技术提出了许多要求。设计的很多样品制备方案均要求预富集痕量元素以及在分析前把痕量元素从主要干扰成分中分出(1—7)。所有这些方法必定要增加样品的处理手续、试剂以及容器表面与样品接触所引进的不可接受的高的和(或)随机的操作空白。由于缺乏标准参考物,这些问题更加严重。因为标准参考物可检查诸如样品处理过程中引入沾污分析物质的损失以及基体或光谱干扰等对仪器响应的影响等系统误差。为减小这种误差,合理的措施是用各种不同的分析方法测定每个分析物,因为不同的分析方法不会遇到相同的干扰。这样,在不同方法的相应值中一定蕴含着样品中分析物浓度的一个可靠的估计真实值为此在进行沿岸海水中镉、锌、铅、铁、锰、铜、镍、钻、铬的分析时,用离子交换或螯合—溶剂萃取法预富集痕量金属属,并直接用石墨炉原子吸收法分析后,接着采用同位素稀释火花源质谱法(IDSSMS)。石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GFAAS)以及电感耦合等离子发射光谱法(ICPES)进行了分析。本文对这种处理法的固有优点进行了讨论。     

Ecological networks and greenways in Europe: reasoning and concepts

The paper gives an overview of approaches towards ecological networks throughout Europe.It does not intend to present a complete picture,but to highlight comon developments within countries and regions and show common principles and differences between countries and regions that have to be taken into account when developing a joint European intiative,Countries or regions that have not been included can be active in the same way ,but information was not accessible to be authors for different reasons.This overview shows the comparable trends in decline of landscapes and the diversity in approaches to biodiversity conservation and nature conservation planning.Understanding the differences and common issues are of utmost imprtance to generalise common principles and to understand the way neighbours and other European partners approach problems.     

1998年厄尔尼诺后珊瑚礁的侵蚀与恢复:印度洋查戈斯礁群

在印度洋中部查戈斯礁群的大多数珊瑚死亡之后3年,对30m水深以浅珊瑚的侵蚀和恢复情况进行了研究.北部环礁15m水深以浅、中部和南部环礁＞35m处的珊瑚差不多全部死亡.由于密集珊瑚丛的损失,一些礁体"表面"下降了1 5m.珊瑚的生物侵蚀情况严重,减少了三维礁体"结构"并形成松散的碎石.幼年珊瑚数量众多,尽管大部分是在侵蚀的或不稳定的基底上,并且稳定种较少.在15m的深度,礁体间鱼类丰度和多样性仍旧较高;依赖于珊瑚生存的物种减少,而一些食草动物和食碎屑动物则增加.一个新的海面温度(SST)数据集表明,平均SST自1950年以来升高了0.65℃.造成查戈斯珊瑚礁死亡的临界SST是29.9℃.     

21世纪的保护区:为社会利益而工作

当今保护区面临着前所未有的挑战和机遇，人与资源的关系是保护区工作的关键。保护区随着社会的发展而发展，保护自然需要更加灵活的管理措施，保护区与人的关系更为密切，保护服务和推动保护区毗邻区域的发展正在成为重要目标，这些都将有利于保护区域的生物多样性，未来保护区将为社会利益而工作。     

重金属在牡蛎(Crassostrea virginica)中的生物积累及其影响因素的研究

牡蛎软体，贝壳和沉积物中Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｐｂ和Ｚｎ等重金属元素被同步分析研究，研究结果表明，重金属在牡蛎中的生物积累是牡自身的新陈代谢、重金属元素的地球化学性质和环境诸因素综合影响的结果，其中牡蛎斩生理作用对重金属在软体中的积累产生的影响尤为重要，而贝壳中重金属的积累对来自环境的影响更为敏感。     

Removal of heavy metals (Cr6+,Ni2+)from polluted water using decaying leaves of plane (Plantanus orientalis)

plane decaying leaves have been found capable of removing chromium and nickel ions from aqueous solutions. The removal efficiency depends upon the pH conditions, ions components and concentrations, and concentrations of leaves in media. The maximum removal for unique Cr⁶⁺ is about 7.5-8.0g/kg leaves at pH 4. 0, for unique Ni²⁺ about 2. 6g/kg at the region of PH5. 0-5.5. Under the described conditions nickel increases chromium uptake by plane decaying leaves from solution.     

Competition of the active roots of Cassia siamea Lam. and Zea mays L.(cv.Katumani Composite B) in an alley cropping trial in semi arid Kenya

A study on root competition in alley cropping was carried out in an agroforestry system, involving Cassia siamea Lam. and maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Katumani composite B). The existence and intensity of root competition in the top soil as manifested by the distribution of the active roots of cassia and maize, in space and time, was assessed. The root length density of maize was far greater than that of cassia in the upper 10 cm, implying that cassia was not competing with maize for water and/or nutrients at that depth. However, at maize crop tasselling and grain filling stages there was a marked overlap of roots of the two plants at lower depths (20—50 cm). This varied with distance from the cassia hedge in a way that there was a tendency for highest overlap near middle maize rows. This partly explained observed yield differences. Therefore cassia may not be a suitable choice for alley cropping with maize under semi-arid conditions on non-sloping land, unless most of its active roots can be properly managed to absorb resources below the feeding rhizosphere of the active maize roots.     

Atmospheric pollution in Beijing, China, as recorded in sediments of the Kunming Lake

The fluxes of heavy metals and magnetite, a fly-ash component, from coal burning, to sediments of the Kunming Lake in Beijing have increased measurably over the last fifty years. Ages were introduced to the sediment strata through Pb-210 geochronologies. Even with a doubling of coal usage by the year 2000, the anthropogenic metal fluxes will still be less than those recorded in metropolitan Tokyo and U.S. lakes.     

非色散原子荧光光谱法测定地质试样中的金

<正> 火焰原子吸收光谱法已广泛用来测定各类试样中的金。然而,要在许多地球化学勘探试样的酸分解溶液中进行金的直接测定,该法还不够灵敏。使用碳棒或炉原子化技术可使灵敏度得到显著改善,但是,岩石和土壤试样中通