用微波炉溶解分析样品

<正> 不久前我们发表了一个联合多种技术分析煤和煤飞灰中多种元素的方案。在该方案中,犬部分元素是在用Parr酸分解弹(一种带钢套的聚四氟乙烯耐压密封容器)溶解样品后进行测定的。这个方法需要预先在马弗炉(8小时)或低温射频灰化器(3天)中灰化煤样,然后将灰份混合酸在Parr弹中加热约两小时,进行溶解。虽然我们的实验室和其他实验室已经普     

Petroleum waste biodegradation with porous biomass support system (PBSS) on rotating biological contactor

A laboratory scale study was conducted to assess the feasibility of the new coupling of rotating biological contactor (RBC) plus porous biomass support system (PBSS) using polyurethane foam as porous support media to biodegrade petroleum refinery wastewater. Polyurethane foam was attached on disks of two four-stage laboratory scale cascade connected RBC units.The two RBC units were operated simultaneously at different but constant, flowrates giving hydraulic loading rates of 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 m3/m2/d in two runs keeping the same rotational speed 10 r/min throughout. Organic loading was a less controllable factor in this study.For all of the hydraulic loadings, it was found that the removal efficiency of total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and oil were above 80 percent. Ammonia nitrogen and phenol removal were above 90 and 80 percent respectively. The maximum biomass concentration within polyurethane foam was about 30 g/m2 in the first stage for 0.03 m3/m2/d hydraulic loading.The results show that t     

Gas chromatographic separation and determination of chloroanthracene isomers on fly ash

An efficient, reproducible and rapid fused silica capillary column gas chromatographic method, in splitless mode, for analysing of the three chloroanthracene isomers is described. The method affords efficient separation and good linearity for each isomer in the range of 0.2 -200 μg/ml. The method can also be used in separation and determination of another thirty three aromatic and their halosubstituted compounds. This paper also presents the applications of the method in analysing of complex products mixture from reaction of the selected aromatic compounds with hydrogen chloride on fly ash surface from municipal incinerator.     

Status of air pollution in Beijing

A study has been made on elements organic constituents, TSP, SO2,NO2 of atmospheric pollutants in Beijing. 17 elements, and some PAHs, e. g. B(a)P, B(b, j, k)P, and B(g, h, i)P, in airborne particles by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and HPLC, GC/MS, have been determined respectively. It has been shown that the elements Pb, Zn, S and Cu were more enriched in fine particles and different valence states of sulfur at various sites. It was found that the concentrations of S6+ and S2-were more than 85% and less than 15% of the total sulfur respectively. Concentrations of major PAHs and sulfur-containing compounds increased in winter and in urban area. High values for Pb and Zn in city, Fe and Mn at industrial area and Cu, Al rural sites were obtained respectively. This implies the functions of different elemental sources of various sites. Thus, elements can be from distingushed anthropogenic and natural sources.The main contribution of SO2 was found of to have same seasonal variation as the anthropogenic el     

西西里三叠系-里阿斯统碳酸盐岩、粘土沉积物互层中的有机质

在西西里岛东南部的拉古萨盆地中,被认为是主要生油岩的诺托组(上三叠统)和斯特雷佩诺萨组(下里阿斯统),是由毫米级至米级的粘土岩、泥灰岩和碳酸盐岩组成的。 除描述了沉积学特征和矿物学特征外,还描述了有机质的特征。采用生油岩评价技术和离析的干酪根,分析了未成熟样品中的有机质。就总有机碳(TOC)来说,最富含有机碳的沉积物(TOC>3％)通常是粘土。然而,所有岩石类型的氢指数(HI)非常高(HI达900)。干酪根的H/C原子比在1.2—1.6的范围内。另一方面,干酪根的O/C原子比的分布范围相当大,确定两极干酪根的成分是可能的。用OPTIM法计算了每个极的典型有机样品的裂解动力学参数。 根据光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜的观测结果,讨论了典型沉积物,尤其是纹层岩中有机质含量与性质的变化。提出了一种确定古环境的方法,概述了最有利于有机质富集的条仵。一般的环境是局部坍塌的三叠纪碳酸盐台地。生油潜力最大的岩石既不与诺托组的藻类沉积纹层岩有关,也不与斯特雷佩诺萨组的盆地粉砂质相有关,而是与这些相内的黑色页岩夹层和富含粘土的纹层岩有关。     

加拿大制浆造纸废水厌氧处理的进展

1960～980年间,加拿大用于清除制浆造纸工业污染的经费约达6.6亿美元。采取这些措施后,到1980年加拿大72％的制浆造纸厂达到了国家控制废水BOD排放的规定。进一步改进达标状况的措施之一是对许多新制浆厂的高浓度废水采用厌氧处理技术。但需首先要了解制浆造纸工业在采用厌氧技术以前,在几方面的数据(表1)。 1.制浆造纸废水的适应性、生化可降解性及毒性     

厌氧活性炭滤池对酚类的处理

绪言酚类化物(苯的一元羟基衍生物)是炼焦厂、煤气化厂、炼油厂、石油化工、溶剂、炸药生产、玻璃纤维制造以及飞机维修等工业废水的主要成分。Mazur以及 Ganczarczyk 和 ELion发现炼焦废水用活性污泥处理,其中酚的去除率超过99％。Capestany 等人报导了用活性污泥处理高浓度含酚废水的类似研究结果。氧化塘、污泥曝气湖和氧化塔据报导对低浓度含酚废水处理或对进一步降低活性污泥厂出水中的酚含量是有效的。一般说来,各种好氧生化处理法对含酚废水处理是有效的,其结果使废水的化学需氧量(COD)、总有机炭(TOC)     

在有机物质的体系中絮凝过程的抑制

本报告研究的目的是研究有机质对用来从水和废水中消除混浊性和有机物质的絮凝过程的影响。通常,在水中发现的有机物质可能来源于两个方面:一是天然的,由腐烂的植物造成的富里酸和腐殖酸是其代表;二是从生活废水和工业废水处理厂来的人造有机物。这项研究包括系统地研究以污浊的地表水和城市废水处理厂的排放物为代表的两种类型的水的絮凝效果。这两种类型的水含有悬浮的和胶状的分散固体,同时兼含溶解的或胶体形式的有机物。水中存在有机物质对絮凝过程的影响是显著地提高了絮凝剂的需求,从而影响了水的最终质量。     

地质体中稀土金属元素的分析

尽管分析钇和镧系元素很困难,但人们至今仍有广泛兴趣并继续对其进行研究。用中子活化和X射线光谱仪器分析技术来测定地质体中的稀土元素需成本太高,而色层法在这方面所做的工作又是很少的。 最近,电泳法却提供了准确且成本低廉的分析。 艾艾特泽姆勒等应用高压电泳在移行距离为13厘米的醋酸脂薄膜上对所有15个镧系元素成功地进行了分离。有效分离的“持续时间”为4小时或4个多小     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ)on a green alga(ChloreUa pyrenoidosa)in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples(without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ)was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ)concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ)on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ)concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ)from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ)played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.