Effect of Rainfall Regime and Slope on Runoff in a Gullied Loess Region on the Loess Plateau in China

Runoff was measured from seven plots with different slopes nested in Tuanshangou catchment on the Loess Plateau to study effect of slopes on runoff in relation to rainfall regimes. Based on nine years of field observation and K-mean clusters, 84 rainfall events were grouped into three rainfall regimes. Rainfall regime A is the group of events with strong rainfall intensity, high frequency, and short duration. Rainfall regime C consists of events with low intensity, long duration, and infrequent occurrence. Rainfall regime B is the aggregation of events of medium intensity and medium duration, and less frequent occurrence. The following results were found: (1) Different from traditional studies, runoff coefficient neither decreased nor increased, but presented peak value on the slope surfaces; (2) For individual plot, runoff coefficients induced by rainfall regime A were the highest, and those induced by rainfall regime C were the lowest; Downslope, the runoff coefficients induced by three rainfall regimes presented the same changing trend, although the peak value induced by regime A occurred on a shorter slope length compared to those by regime B and C; (3) Scale effect on runoff induced by rainfall regime A was the least, and that induced by rainfall regime C was the largest. These results can be explained by the interactions of crusting, soil moisture content, slope length and gradient, and erosion units, etc., in the context of different rainfall regimes.     

A combined plasma photolysis (CPP) method for removal of CS2 from gas streams at atmospheric pressure

A combined plasma photolysis (CPP) reactor that utilizes a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma and 207 nm UV radiation from discharge-driven KrBr^* excimers was designed and constructed. Gas streams containing CS₂ were treated with stand-alone DBD and CPP at atmospheric pressure. In comparison to DBD, CPP greatly enhanced the removal efficiency at the same applied voltage, waste gas concentration and gas residence time. Thus the applied voltage could be reduced to a certain extent in the plasma processing of industrial wastes. Influences of the KrBr^* radiation, inlet CS₂ concentration and gas residence time on CS₂ removal by CPP were also studied. In addition, the likely reaction mechanisms for the removal of CS₂ by CPP are suggested based on the byproducts analysis. The enhanced removal efficiency and reaction mechanisms implied that the CPP process would probably be suitable for the removal of a large number of gaseous pollutants.     

Uranium removal from groundwater via in situ biostimulation: Field-scale modeling of transport and biological processes

During 2002 and 2003, bioremediation experiments in the unconfined aquifer of the Old Rifle UMTRA field site in western Colorado provided evidence for the immobilization of hexavalent uranium in groundwater by iron-reducing Geobacter sp. stimulated by acetate amendment. As the bioavailable Fe(III) terminal electron acceptor was depleted in the zone just downgradient of the acetate injection gallery, sulfate-reducing organisms came to dominate the microbial community. In the present study, we use multicomponent reactive transport modeling to analyze data from the 2002 field experiment to identify the dominant transport and biological processes controlling uranium mobility during biostimulation, and determine field-scale parameters for these modeled processes. The coupled process simulation approach was able to establish a quantitative characterization of the principal flow, transport, and reaction processes based on the 2002 field experiment, that could be applied without modification to describe the 2003 field experiment. Insights gained from this analysis include field-scale estimates of the bioavailable Fe(III) mineral threshold for the onset of sulfate reduction, and rates for the Fe(III), U(VI), and sulfate terminal electron accepting processes.     

Synthesis, characterization and application of a novel chemical sand-fixing agent-poly(aspartic acid) and its composites

A novel sand-fixing agent-poly(aspartic acid) and its composites were synthesized to improve sand particles compressive strength and anti-wind erosion properties. The relationship between the concentration of sand-fixing agent and the sand-fixing properties was studied by three kinds of aging tests. Some composites were choose to improve the sand-fixing property and the composition of 40% xanthan gum and 60% ethyl cellulose were chosen to compare sand-fixing property with lignosulfonate. The results showed that the sand-fixing and water-retaining properties of xanthan gum and ethyl cellulose composites were better than that of lignosulfonate. The biodegradability experiment showed that the PASP and its composites were environment-friendly products and the field test showed that the PASP composites could improve wind erosion disturbance.     

壳聚糖辅助下玉米修复铅污染土壤能力的研究

为了研究壳聚糖辅助下玉米(ZeamaysL.)对铅污染土壤的修复能力,采用L9(34)正交试验进行研究,考虑了4因素3水平,4因素为土壤铅含量、壳聚糖含量、壳聚糖溶液pH值以及加入壳聚糖后的提取时间.研究结果表明,加入壳聚糖会造成玉米生长停滞,甚至死苗,原因在于壳聚糖属于天然高分子有机物,会造成土壤板结,阻碍植物吸收水分,同时壳聚糖将土壤中的大量重金属溶出,造成玉米重金属中毒.加入壳聚糖后,玉米对铅的吸收较对照结果有很大提高,壳聚糖能够促进铅元素从土壤向植物体内转移,但壳聚糖促进铅元素从玉米地下部分向地上部分转移的能力较弱;综合壳聚糖的促进效果,在土壤铅含量为1.8g·kg-1,壳聚糖含量为5mmol·kg-1(土),壳聚糖溶液pH值为4.5,提取时间为7天的条件下,有利于促进铅在玉米地上部分的吸收.     

Structural characteristics and drivers of greenhouse gas emissions at county-level and long-time scales:A case study of the Anji County,China

To achieve carbon neutrality,the Chinese government needs to gain a comprehensive understanding of the sources and drivers of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions,particularly at the county level.Anji County in eastern China is a typical example of an industrial transformation from quarrying to a low-carbon economy.This study analyzed the decoupling types and structural characteristics of GHG emissions and the driving factors of carbon dioxide(CO₂) emissions in the Anji from 2006 to 2019,an...     

浅议面向宏观督查的环境督查改革

环境督查改革是环境监管体制改革的要求,也是环境督查转型发展的内在要求。落实中央各项决策和环保部的各项要求,必须坚持环境督查改革顶层设计,更加注重加强国家监察、政府责任落实和国家意志执行、监督执法、环境质量改善。本文提出了环境督查改革目标模式,环境督查改革设计方案,以及分三个层次的改革路线图。     

基于NLM的三峡重庆库区面源污染负荷研究

随机性、模糊性、不确定性很强的面污染源是水环境污染中最主要的污染源。面源污染负荷的准确估算是研究和治理面源污染的基础。现在的面源污染数字模型大多数建立于DEM之上，高成本的DEM限制着这类模型的发展。新兴模型——NLM以面源污染发生机理完善而著称。借助于NLM，以三峡重庆库区为例研究分析面源污染的机理，面源污染负荷随时间的变化以及面源负荷受各因素的影响程度等。从硝化、反硝化、矿化、吸附等作用过程中更深层地剖析了面源污染行为；掌握了面源污染物TP、NH3-N、NO3-N的随时间的变化规律及降雨量、土壤有机成分、土壤气温、总辐照等因子对各污染物负荷的影响及相互关系。总之，NLM为开展面源污染负荷及影响因素的研究提供了科学依据。     

高速公路上视频监视系统的设计与实现

本文首先研究了高速公路上视频监视系统的功能及组成部分,并结合具体的实际环境分析了该系统需求特点和设计难点.给出了系统核心部分-数据处理模块芯片选取依据,并对选择的核心芯片TMS320C6201作了简要的介绍.文章重点论述了基于DSPTMS320C6201的视频监视系统的硬件实现方法,包括采用的多种综合技术以提高系统处理能力.