基于新型陶粒催化剂的H_2O_2/O_3多相催化氧化体系降解刚果红的研究

用自制陶粒催化剂与臭氧(O_3)、双氧水(H_2O_2)构建多相催化氧化体系降解水中的刚果红。采用电镜扫描、能谱分析与红外光谱等表征了陶粒催化剂,考察了反应时间、O_3浓度、H_2O_2投加量等因素下多相催化氧化体系对刚果红色度和COD去除率。结果表明:自制的陶粒催化剂表面较为粗糙,比表面积较大,反应后的陶粒催化剂表面较为平滑,比表面积较反应前减少;自制陶粒催化剂对H_2O_2催化能力差,但对O_3、H_2O_2/O_3具有较好的催化效果。当O_3浓度在1.2~3.8 mg/L时,陶粒/H_2O_2/O_3体系较O_3、H_2O_2/O_3对刚果红(100 mg/L)的脱色率分别平均提高了11.72%、15.32%,COD去除率分别提高了16.37%、24.29%,将陶粒引入O_3、H_2O_2/O_3体系中可减少O_3和H_2O_2的用量,提高体系的氧化性能,降低运行成本。     

五氯酚(PCP)污染土壤模拟根际的修复

模拟根际环境条件下,研究了根系分泌物对五氯酚(PCP)污染土壤的修复效应及其机理.结果表明,PCP的土壤残留消解行为随根系分泌物添加剂量的不同显现相应差异.土壤中微生物生物量碳(C_mic),氮(N_mic),碳氮比(C_mic/N_mic),微生物商及酶等土壤生化指标与PCP的消解均存在一定程度的相关性.低剂量(13.38TOCmg/kg)处理,PCP土壤甲醇可提态残留量最小,修复效应最佳,此时土壤微生物生物量碳,氮,微生物商,脱氢酶活性等显现最大响应,为最适根系分泌物添加剂量.修复机理可能在于其诱导的土壤环境质量友好演变过程.逐步回归分析结果显示,微生物生物量氮,微生物商及脱氢酶活性可作为表征根际修复PCP污染土壤时土壤环境质量友好演变过程的敏感生物学指标.     

Assessing the premature death due to ambient particulate matter in China’s urban areas from 2004 to 2013

The Environmental Burden of Disease (EBD) approach for outdoor air pollution has been used to calculate premature deaths and average potential years of life lost attributable to air pollution in China over the past 10 years with differences between the North and the South of the country being analyzed. The results indicate that: (1) Between 2004 and 2013, annual premature deaths attributable to outdoor air pollution in China ranged from 350000 to 520000. In 2013, deaths resulting from air pollution in China represented 9.9% of the country’s total deaths. (2) In 2004, the average life expectancy of the Chinese population and the number of potential years of life lost (PYLL) attributable to air pollution was 69.6 and 1.85 years respectively as compared to 74.4 and 0.67 years respectively in 2013. (3) The number of the PYLL attributable to air pollution in the northern regions of China is found to be larger than that of the southern regions. The PYLL figures of the northern and southern regions in 2004 were 2.3 and 1.8 years, respectively, with a difference of 0.5 years, as compared to 1.4 and 0.7 years respectively with a difference of 0.7 years in 2013.

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敦煌莫高窟PM10浓度年变化及影响因素

为明确敦煌莫高窟窟区环境和旅游旺季应急开放洞窟内微环境可吸入颗粒物分布特征及影响因素,文章采用Metone ES-642移动式粉尘颗粒物监测仪对窟区和第100窟内PM₁₀浓度进行实时监测。结果表明,窟区与第100窟内实时PM₁₀的浓度范围分别为0～994.0μg/m³、0～997.6μg/m³,年平均值分别为24.0μg/m³和24.6μg/m³,最高值均出现在夏季(8月)的一次沙尘暴期间,PM₁₀浓度日均值范围分别为1.64～547.19μg/m³、4.49～537.86μg/m³;窟区和第100窟内PM₁₀浓度的年超标率分别为8.77%和9.32%,超标率较高的月份都集中在沙尘暴频发的春、夏两季;ρ_I/ρ_O值的年变化表现为监测期2016年6-10月以及次年的5月(即旅游旺季)比值大于1,游客参观活动对窟内颗粒物浓度影响较大...     

壳聚糖双冠醚的合成及其对金属离子的吸附性能研究

将二苯并16－冠－5氯代乙酸酯冠醚分别接枝到西佛碱型壳聚糖冠醚CT－15C和CT－18C上,制备了1,4－壳聚糖双冠醚CT－15CAC和CT－18CAC,经元素分析、FT－IR红外光谱分析和X－射线粉末衍射分析表征了结构。研究了CT－15CAC和CT－18CAC对Pd^2 、Ag^ 、Pt^4 、Au^3 、Cu^2 、Hg^2 的静态吸附性能,并与CT－15C和CT－18C进行了比较。结果表明,这4种吸附剂对贵金属离子如Au^3 、Ag^ 、Pt^4 、Pd^2 都具有较好的吸附性能,并能在Cu^2 和Hg^2 共存的条件下选择吸附Pd^2 ,而且壳聚糖双冠醚CT－15CAC和CT－18CAC比壳聚糖单冠醚CT－15C和CT－18C具有更好的选择性。     

Georelational Analysis of Soil Type, Soil Salt Content, Landform, and Land Use in the Yellow River Delta, China

The Yellow River Delta, one of China’s three major river deltas, is becoming a major region for the development of agriculture and fisheries. Protecting the delicate ecology of newly formed aquatic systems as well as the evolution of soils, natural vegetation, and fauna on older upland environments in the delta is a priority in planning for the wise use of the delta’s resources for future agricultural development. In this article, we use a Geographic Information System (GIS) to analyze relationships between land-use/land-cover characteristics in the Dongying municipality, one of the most intensely developed areas of the delta, and spatial variations in soil salinity and landforms. This analysis reveals that soil salt content decreases from regionally high values in isolated depressions to relatively moderate values in embanked former back swamps, with the lowest values occurring in abandoned river courses. Comparing the present land use on this soil salinity–landform pattern shows that it is basically at odds with general concepts of land suitability for agricultural utilization of saline soils. Crop-based agriculture in the region is probably overdeveloped, whereas more appropriate agricultural development, like cattle and forest production, is underrepresented. Future development should focus on converting farmland in embanked former back swamps and abandoned river courses into grasslands and forests. Crop-based agriculture (up to 151,000 ha) could be planned at the low-salinity terrace uplands and flood plains. The article provides guidelines for decision-makers regarding agricultural land use and wetland protection in the Yellow River Delta.     

基于氮氧同位素技术的黄河上游清水河硝酸盐来源解析

对清水河灌溉季和非灌溉季各采样点位的水化学指标和硝酸盐的时空分布特征进行分析,运用贝叶斯混合模型MixSIAR模型定量识别了该河流硝酸盐来源,以期了解灌溉对地表水硝酸盐含量的影响.结果表明,清水河水体呈弱碱性,水体氮类以硝酸盐为主,Cl^-和SO₄^2-时空变化特征一致,通过NO₃^-/Cl^-比值和Cl^-浓度的关系,结合清水河地区土地利用、工农业生产的实际情况,揭示了清水河水体硝酸盐受生活污水、畜禽养殖和化学氮肥源的影响较大.MixSIAR模型计算结果表明土壤有机氮、化学氮肥和畜禽养殖对灌溉季水体的贡献率较大,分别为24.8%、24.5%和22.8%,生活污水和大气氮沉降的贡献率分别为14.4%和13.6%;而生活污水、畜禽养殖和土壤有机氮对非灌溉季水体的贡献率较大,分别为26.7%、23.4%和20.4%,大气氮沉降和化学氮肥贡献率分别为16.5%和12.9%.农业灌溉增加了地表水硝酸盐的含量,灌溉季中农用氮肥的施用率较高,贡献了主要的硝...     

Plants' use of different nitrogen forms in response to crude oil contamination

In this study, we investigated Phragmites australis’ use of different forms of nitrogen (N) and associated soil N transformations in response to petroleum contamination. ¹⁵N tracer studies indicated that the total amount of inorganic and organic N assimilated by P. australis was low in petroleum-contaminated soil, while the rates of inorganic and organic N uptake on a per-unit-biomass basis were higher in petroleum-contaminated soil than those in un-contaminated soil. The percentage of organic N in total plant-assimilated N increased with petroleum concentration. In addition, high gross N immobilization and nitrification rates relative to gross N mineralization rate might reduce inorganic-N availability to the plants. Therefore, the enhanced rate of N uptake and increased importance of organic N in plant N assimilation might be of great significance to plants growing in petroleum-contaminated soils. Our results suggest that plants might regulate N capture under petroleum contamination.     

废塑料催化裂解烟气中污染物分析与解决方案

以河南某公司研发的日处理2t废塑料的催化裂解中试装置以例,对催化裂解烟气中污染物进行了监测与分析,认为裂解烟气中主要污染物为氯化氢、氮氧化物、苯并芘、苯及颗粒物,并提出了采用碱吸收+电捕焦油器+活性炭吸附+脉冲袋式收尘的环保解决方案.     

三峡库区农业化肥流失污染及其成因分析

农业化肥流失是三峡库区最主要的非点源污染源之一,其污染成因分析对有效控制三峡库区非点源污染具有重要的指导意义。通过对三峡库区19个区县化肥用量、施肥强度、品种、比例结构、流失负荷的统计资料分析,明确了库区化肥流失非点源污染的基本情况;接着随机性选取石柱县、开县、宜昌市、兴山县4库区县市12个监测点进行监测分析．同时结合秭归县15个人工模拟降雨试验。得出库区化肥施用强度高,分布不均匀,施用品种单一,重氮肥、磷肥轻钾肥,化肥N,P流失非点源污染有加重的趋势,且化肥N,P的流失量与土壤肥力成正比[N：R2=0.51〉0.468（n=16,95％）;P：R^2=0．68〉0．549（n=19.99％）],与农田地表中粉粒（0．002—0．02mm）和粘粒（〈0．002mm）浓度成正比,与施肥强度呈显著性正相关;降雨强度越大、地表植被越少,化肥N,P流失越大[R^2=0．98 R^2〉765（n=8.99％）]。