Overcoming Contradictions Between Growth and Sustainability:Institutional Innovation in the BRICS

The recent accelerated growth rates or efforts to emulate countries that have achieved a rapid pace of economic growth are widely acclaimed as means to uplift millions from poverty. In so doing, however, this rapid economic growth is most likely to coincide with unsustainable levels of consumption, place excessive pressure on life support systems and terrestrial sinks and foreshorten options for the future. Rather than pursuing the "Environmental Kuznets Curve" (EKC) hypothesis that higher income will bring with it the means to reduce the impacts of greater consumption, ecological economists assert that buying our way out of future scarcity with fast growth is indeed contradictory with sustainability. To better understand these contradictions and explore potential institutional innovations that may enable developing nations to better confront them (in effect, "tunneling under" the EKC), this article refers to recent experience in the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). Beginning with a brief comparative summary of major development and environmental indicators, pressures on resources and society in each of the BRICS are discussed, followed by identification of institutional and policy frameworks each country has evolved to confront the challenges of growth and sustainability. The article closes with general conclusions for further research and information sharing among developing nations.     

地面地球化学测量在烃类普查中的综合运用(以列文楚夫凝析气田为例)

根据因子分析,划分出两个基本的成油过程:土壤溶液的氧化还原条件在后生烃影响下向着还原碱性环境的方向转移;由烃氧化微生物群的生命活动引起的次生碳酸盐化作用。地球化学工作的效率和测量工作的合理组合决定于区域的景观-地球化学条件。     

1979—1982年成矿作用研究的进展

<正> 过去的四年中,在成矿作用方面取得了两个主要进展:海底“黑烟囱”(smoker)的发现和矿床模式概念的形成。第一个进展的取得是意想不到的。1978年,由法国、墨西哥和美国科学家联合组成的海洋考察队,在下加利福尼亚南面北纬21°海域勘探东太平洋隆起时发现了不活动的深海热液喷口,在其周围有Zn、Cu和Fe的硫化物沉积物,不久又首次发现了     

闪锌矿中记录的矿体冷却史——日本津茂夕卡岩矿床的一个实例

<正> 引言 众所周知,闪锌矿中常含有磁黄铁矿和(或)黄铜矿的叶片和细点。自Schwartz(1931)等的经典著作发表以来,这些结构一直被解释为出溶产物。本文对含有许多磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿不规则颗粒、叶片和细点的闪锌矿样品进行了详细的电子探针分析和辅助的加热实验研究。这些研究,根据Cu-Fe-Zn-S体系的近代知识,可以对样品中所观测到的结构进行成功的解释。     

Analysis and Modeling on the Spatial Structure of Urban Land Use: A Case of Jinan, China

Based on the data of urban land use obtained by remote sensing interpretation from aero images in 1986 and 2004, the spatial structure of Jinan is studied in this paper with the method of Geographic Information System (GIS). According to the proportion of land for residence, industry and commerce, the urban district can be distinguished into three rings. Compared with the traditional theory of the ring structure in Western coun- tries, they have many distinctive characteristics. The main func- tions of the inner ring include residence, business and banking, but the proportion of residential land (more than 50%) is considerably higher than that of the cities in Western countries. The land proportion for residence and industry in the intermediate ring is equal on the whole. The main land of the outside ring is for industrial use. From 1986 to 2004, great changes have taken place on the land proportion of different types of use. In the inner ring, the land for residential and industrial use has shrunk much while the land for commercial use has increased. In the intermediate ring, the changes of the three types of land use were not very much and the temporal variation was relatively stable. On the contrary, the structure in the outside ring varies acutely. Though most of it is also for industrial use, the proportion of residential land has in- creased much. The three rings can also be divided into several sectors respectively, according to the function of land use clusters. New trends and mechanisms of the changes of land use impacting the urban structure were proposed in the end of the paper.     

Local Area Quotas for Industrial Emissions along Reaches of the Pearl River in Guangdong

There is an obvious departure from the regional equilibrium of developments between the upper and lower reaches of the Pearl River in Guangdong, which resulted in ＂the effects of contra-geography-grads development＂. It is mainly because the upriver mountainous areas have been deeply stuck in industrialization delay and marginalization plights, so that nearly 40 million local people have conceived a dream to get rid of ＂the vicious circle of poverty＂ by speeding up industrial development. But the problem is that such industrialization efforts on a large scale in mountainous areas are encountering the bottleneck of environmental capacity that strictly limits industrial emissions along the upper reaches of any water system. As a solution, an institutional arrangement called ＂the Local Area Quotas for Industrial Emissions along the Pearl River＂ is put forward supposed to give corresponding compensation to the rights of industrial development yielded by some areas with lower environmental capacity through the distribution and trading of IDQs.     

提高埃及工业的能源效率

埃及能源状况的特点是能源需求量相当大、能源消费量年增长率高、能源利用效率低和能源价格补贴高。因此,提高能效被认为是一个头等重要的问题,因为它会导致大幅度节约。本文概述了国家促进工业部门有效利用能源的政策,包括建立一个工业节能中心（IECC）、培训和提高能源管理专家的水平,及在工业企业中采用高能效技术。 本文还介绍了国际组织和援助机构能够对能效计划给予的援助,讨论了迄今为止所取得的成果,并总结了得到的经验、教训和发现。     

流体流动、矿物反应及交代作用

从流动方向和时间积分流体流量的角度来看,使流体沿着温度梯度方向流动与岩石中的化学反应联系起来的通用模式,可用来定量地解释古流动体系交代作用方面的岩石学和地球化学数据。该模式适用于区域变质作用、石英脉和交代的韧性断层带。     

萃取-伏安法测定铋和锑

<正> 在1983年发表的一篇著作中我们曾指出:铋、锑的硫脲络合物用醋酸乙酯萃取后,铋、锑有可能在不外加极化电压的情况下浓集于悬汞电极上。从非水溶剂中浓集的方法扩大了络     

世界磷矿石的供需状况

本文论述了全世界磷矿石的供需状况,展望了未来磷矿石的资源量及其市场前景。一、世界磷矿石工业磷矿石与氮、钾肥是全世界发展农业必不可少的物质。当土壤中缺乏这些物质时,必须进行补充,粮食才能获得高产。在全世界的化肥使用量中,磷肥占85%～95%.本文所指的磷矿石是已开采或选矿后的产品。磷矿石可通过湿处理而转换成磷酸,通过电炉加热而析出磷,或可直接应用于酸性土壤中。1.产量1985年世界上30个国家的磷矿石产量见表1。从表1所见,美国、苏联和摩洛哥是世界上最大的3