有害农药侵袭原始生态系统

一些发展中国家仍在使用一些有害的、禁用的农药,如DDT等.世界上一些原始生态系统将受到损害.尽管大多数国家已禁用DDT,其大气沉降仍然在损害世界边远地区.例如,非洲和印度较高的气温使DDT蒸发并以降水形式落到了奥地利阿尔卑斯山区,这一过程称作“全球性蒸馏”.这是一项新的国际调查透露的.阿尔卑斯山区周围环境像一块磁铁那样吸引这些有毒污染物.因斯布鲁克大学教授Roland Psenner最近说:“DDT从较暖地区开始循环并在较冷地区降落.我们知道在极地区域有DDT踪影,但不知道它们在比利牛斯山脉和阿尔卑斯山也常见.”Psenner说,虽然DD…     

超临界水氧化有机废水动力学分析

根据推流式超临界水氧化 (SCWO)反应器处理有机废水的动力学方程式 ,结合近年来超临界水氧化降解各种有机废水的实验研究情况 ,对超临界水氧化有机废水的反应动力学影响因素进行了综合分析 ,同时指出了该技术在有机废水处理中的应用优势和存在问题。     

加强环境统计 推进污染减排

随着污染减排的深入推进,环境统计工作再一次面临机遇和挑战。正确认识当前环境统计工作面临的形势,加强统计管理、改革统计制度、规范统计方法、努力适应新时期环境保护和污染减排工作需要势在必行。     

动态渗透压力法研究水处理滤料的润湿性

润湿性是水处理滤料的一个十分重要的表面性质.以Washburn方程为原理,用动态渗透压力法研究了无烟煤、铝矾土陶瓷及磁铁矿滤料的亲油亲水润湿性.实验结果表明,方法的重现性较好,误差在10%以内.当滤料的粒径范围在0.6～0.9mm之间时.以该法测得无烟煤、铝矾土陶瓷及磁铁矿滤料的亲油亲水比(LHR)值依次为2.511、1.748和1.317,说明无烟煤滤料的亲油性最好,铝矾土陶瓷次之,而磁铁矿的亲油性最差.XPS和FTIR分析结果表明,无烟煤、铝矾土陶瓷及磁铁矿滤料润湿性差别主要归因于其表面化学结构的不同.     

Hydrochar and synthetic natural gas co-production for a full circular economy implementation via hydrothermal carbonization and methanation:An economic approach

Herein we study the economic performance of hydrochar and synthetic natural gas coproduction from olive tree pruning. The process entails a combination of hydrothermal carbonization and methanation. In a previous work, we evidenced that standalone hydrochar production via HTC results unprofitable. Hence, we propose a step forward on the process design by implementing a methanation, adding value to the gas effluent in an attempt to boost the overall process techno-economic aspects. Three differen...     

成绵高速公路两侧土壤中4种重金属的污染特征及分布规律

对成绵高速公路两侧土壤中4种重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd)的质量比进行了测定,分析了其污染特征和分布规律,并利用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法对土壤重金属污染程度进行了评价。结果表明:分析路段Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的平均单项指数分别为0.52、0.37、2.33、3.18,Cu、Zn污染等级为安全,Pb为中度污染,Cd为重度污染。分析路段为东北至西南走向,路段南北两侧综合污染指数从大到小为南侧无防护林段(3.36)、南侧有防护林段(2.39)、北侧有防护林段(1.87),北侧为轻污染,南侧有防护林段为中污染,南侧无防护林段为重污染,防护林可有效降低高速公路上车辆对路旁土壤造成的重金属污染。Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的质量比在路基两侧随公路路基距离的增加变化较大,除南侧无防护林的Cu外,其余路段分布趋势基本一致,峰值出现在35~50 m,随后逐渐降低,并不呈现简单的线性负相关。     

Soil C and N changes with afforestation of grasslands across gradients of precipitation and plantation age

Afforestation, the conversion of unforested lands to forests, is a tool for sequestering anthropogenic carbon dioxide into plant biomass. However, in addition to altering biomass, afforestation can have substantial effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) pools, some of which have much longer turnover times than plant biomass. An increasing body of evidence suggests that the effect of afforestation on SOC may depend on mean annual precipitation (MAP). The goal of this study was to test how labile and bulk pools of SOC and total soil nitrogen (TN) change with afforestation across a rainfall gradient of 600-1500 mm in the Rio de la Plata grasslands of Argentina and Uruguay. The sites were all former grasslands planted with Eucalyptus spp. Overall, we found that afforestation increased (up to 1012 kg C x ha(-1) x yr(-1)) or decreased (as much as 1294 kg C x ha(-1) x yr(-1)) SOC pools in this region and that these changes were significantly related to MAP. Drier sites gained, and wetter sites lost, SOC and TN (r2 = 0.59, P = 0.003; and r2 = 0.57, P = 0.004, respectively). Labile C and N in microbial biomass and extractable soil pools followed similar patterns to bulk SOC and TN. Interestingly, drier sites gained more SOC and TN as plantations aged, while losses reversed as plantations aged in wet sites, suggesting that plantation age in addition to precipitation is a critical driver of changes in soil organic matter with afforestation. This new evidence implies that longer intervals between harvests for plantations could improve SOC storage, ameliorating the negative trends found in humid sites. Our results suggest that the value of afforestation as a carbon sequestration tool should be considered in the context of precipitation and age of the forest stand.     

Twenty years of stream restoration in Finland: little response by benthic macroinvertebrate communities

The primary focus of many in-stream restoration projects is to enhance habitat diversity for salmonid fishes, yet the lack of properly designed monitoring studies, particularly ones with pre-restoration data, limits any attempts to assess whether restoration has succeeded in improving salmonid habitat. Even less is known about the impacts of fisheries-related restoration on other, non-target biota. We examined how restoration aiming at the enhancement of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) affects benthic macroinvertebrates, using two separate data sets: (1) a before-after-control-impact (BACI) design with three years before and three after restoration in differently restored and control reaches of six streams; and (2) a space-time substitution design including channelized, restored, and near-natural streams with an almost 20-year perspective on the recovery of invertebrate communities. In the BACI design, total macroinvertebrate density differed significantly from before to after restoration. Following restoration, densities decreased in all treatments, but less so in the controls than in restored sections. Taxonomic richness also decreased from before to after restoration, but this happened similarly in all treatments. In the long-term comparative study, macroinvertebrate species richness showed no difference between the channel types. Community composition differed significantly between the restored and natural streams, but not between restored and channelized streams. Overall, the in-stream restoration measures used increased stream habitat diversity but did not enhance benthic biodiversity. While many macroinvertebrates may be dispersal limited, our study sites should not have been too distant to reach within almost two decades. A key explanation for the weak responses by macroinvertebrate communities may have been historical. When Fennoscandian streams were channelized for log floating, the loss of habitat heterogeneity was only partial. Therefore, habitat may not have been limiting the macroinvertebrate communities to begin with. Stream restoration to support trout fisheries has strong public acceptance in Finland and will likely continue to increase in the near future. Therefore, more effort should be placed on assessing restoration success from a biodiversity perspective using multiple organism groups in both stream and riparian ecosystems.     

Spatial factors affecting statistical power in testing marine fauna displacement

Impacts of offshore wind farms on marine fauna are largely unknown. Therefore, one commonly adheres to the precautionary principle, which states that one shall take action to avoid potentially damaging impacts on marine ecosystems, even when full scientific certainty is lacking. We implement this principle by means of a statistical power analysis including spatial factors. Implementation is based on geostatistical simulations, accommodating for zero-inflation in species data. We investigate scenarios in which an impact assessment still has to be carried out. Our results show that the environmental conditions at the time of the survey is the most influential factor on power. This is followed by survey effort and species abundance in the reference situation. Spatial dependence in species numbers at local scales affects power, but its effect is smaller for the scenarios investigated. Our findings can be used to improve effectiveness of the economical investment for monitoring surveys. In addition, unnecessary extra survey effort, and related costs, can be avoided when spatial dependence in species abundance is present and no improvement on power is achieved.