前寒武纪地盾的金矿勘查趋势

<正> 引言目前,全世界正以空前的规模从事前寒武纪地盾区中脉状金矿床的勘查工作,其原因有:(1)黄金价格上涨(估计40年后每克黄金值1.13美元),使过去不引人注目的找矿对象变成了富有生命力的勘查项目;(2)地盾区开采的其它金属(贱金属、镍、铁和铀)相对滞销,势必将勘查的注意力进一步集中到金矿上来;     

微量进样注射-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定硅酸盐岩石和四个新的加拿大铁建造参考物料中的钪、钇和镧系元素

<正> 关于稀土元素丰度的研究对岩石成因模式讨论要求建立快速测定各种不同的火成岩、沉积岩和造岩矿物中稀土元素的分析方法。早先报道了一种测定某些矿物岩石中的 Y、Nd、Eu、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm 和 Yb 的原子吸收光谱法,它是将样品溶液(含1%La 作光谱缓冲剂的高氯酸盐乙醇介质)直接抽吸进入氧化亚氮-乙炔焰。而稀土元素(REE)是先通过草酸钙共     

由Ti/V比值推断玄武岩起源深度及其与岛弧火山岩K_2O推断的深度的对比

<正> 引言在许多区分不同构造环境的玄武岩的地球化学判别图中,Shervais(1982)描述的 Ti-V 图特别有意义,因为从岛弧拉斑玄武岩到洋中脊玄武岩(MORB),再到板内火山岩,其Ti/V 比值有规律地增加。在 Anderson(1981,图1)提出的不同构造环境母岩浆深度的模式中,大陆溢流玄武岩(CFB)和洋岛玄武岩     

苏格兰萨瑟兰地区阿尔纳博尔逆断层糜棱岩中的软化作用

<正> 阿尔纳博尔逆断层出露在本阿尔纳博尔的西侧,是一条大逆断层,其上盘是阿尔纳博尔推覆体中的刘易斯花岗片麻岩,下盘为寒武系下部叠瓦状构造体(图1)。刘易斯花岗片麻岩紧贴逆断层一面发生了强烈的糜棱岩化,而且塑性变形作用产生了一个宽约10m 的、由板岩组成的板状体。这条剪切带的宽度还不太清     

The Chemistry of Soils, Rocks and Plant Bioindicators in Three Ecosystems of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

In June of 2000, biogeochemical study was carried out in three ecosystems of the Holy Cross Mountains (south-central Poland). This paper presents element concentrations and stable sulfur (and in one site lead) isotope ratios in rocks, detailed soil profiles, and plant bioindicators including epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl., mosses (Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt., Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. S. Str., Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) B.S.G.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), common birch (Betula pendula Roth.), aspen (Populus tremula L.) and English oak (Quercus robur L.). Chemical analyses were performed with ICP-AES and AAS methods in the accredited laboratory (Central Chemical Laboratory of the Polish Geological Institute in Warsaw). The principal objective of this study was to compare the chemical composition of rocks, soils and selected plant bioindicators between investigation sites using the same methods of sample collection, preparation and analyses. The results of this study have shown that there is a high variability in concentrations of elements in plant bioindicators from the same sites that can not be explained only by soil properties or anthropogenic influence. This conclusion indicates that for biomonitoring purposes (especially with vascular plants) we cannot neglect individual features of the species examined.     

Environmental Monitoring of Heavy Metals in Bulgarian Black Sea Green Algae

Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb and Cd concentration distribution in six green macroalgae species from the Bulgarian Black Sea coast were determined. The measurement of these metals was carried out during six seasons from 1996 to 2002 using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Samples were collected from eight different sites–Shabla, Kaliakra, Tuzlata, Ravda, Ahtopol and Sinemoretz. The obtained heavy metal (HM) data (mean values g/g) for all algae are: 650 ± 100 for Fe, 184 ± 15 for Mn, 5.6 ± 0.5 for Cu, 3.3 ± 0.3 for Pb and 1.1 ± 0.2 for Cd. The obtained HM contents indicate that different species demonstrate various degree of metal accumulation and the obtained higher values in the northern sector of the studied zone can be attributed to the discharge influence of the big rivers, entering the Black Sea–Danube, Dnyepr, Dnester and local pollutant emissions. All data show that there is no serious contamination in green macroalgae with heavy and toxic metals along the whole Bulgarian Black Sea coast.     

Determining Ecoregions for Environmental and GMO Monitoring Networks

A representative environmental monitoring network at the regional scale cannot use raster-based or random sampling designs, but requires a stratified sampling procedure integrating different information layers, and it has to occur in ecologically differing homogeneous regions (ecoregions). These we have determined using a set of spatial strata with ecological variables which we analysed with classification and regression trees (CART). We present a framework for environmental monitoring, that covers different scales, and we transfer the framework to a potential GMO (genetically modified organisms) monitoring network. We use ecoregion and other environmental strata together with existing environmental monitoring networks to determine GMO monitoring sites more precisely.     

Application of a systemic approach to the study of pollution of the Tinto and Odiel rivers (Spain)

The province of Huelva in the SW of Spain presents high environmental contrasts: together with the great abundance of natural spaces, it shows the impacts of historical natural resources exploitation processes. In the Ria of Huelva, the effluents of the chemical industries must be added to the contaminating inputs of the Tinto and Odiel rivers, coming from the acid drainage of the mines located in the Iberian Pyrite Belt. This forced the Environmental Agency (AMA) to elaborate in 1987 an Effluent Remediation Plan in order to negate unacceptable environmental impacts. The application of a grey box systemic analysis to the AMD pollution, undergone by the Tinto and Odiel rivers has allowed to set a conclusive explanation of the sampling results observed for a period of 11 years, thus making available an overall view of the polluting process and, above all, an explanation of its partial aspects.     

Emissions of VOCs at Urban Petrol Retail Distribution Centres in India (Delhi and Mumbai)

Air pollution has assumed gigantic proportion killing almost half a million Asians every year. Urban pollution mainly comprises of emissions from buses, trucks, motorcycle other forms of motorized transport and its supporting activities. As Asia's cities continue to expand the number of vehicles have risen resulting in greater pollution. Fugitive emissions from retail distribution center in urban area constitute a major source. Petrol vapours escape during refueling adding pollutants like benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene to ambient air. This paper discusses a study on fugitive emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) at some refueling station in two metropolitan cities of India, i.e., Mumbai and Delhi. Concentration of VOCs in ambient air at petrol retail distribution center is estimated by using TO-17 method. Concentration of benzene in ambient air in Delhi clearly shows the effect of intervention in use of petroleum and diesel fuel and shift to CNG. Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) model is used to estimate source contributions. At Delhi besides diesel combustion engines, refueling emissions are also major sources. At Mumbai evaporative emissions are found to contribute maximum to Total VOC (TVOC) concentration in ambient air.     

Measurements of Ozone Concentrations in Zagreb

Ozone concentrations were measured in Zagreb at four sites from May 1999 to April 2001 in order to categorize the air quality with respect to ozone. In the summer of 2000, the ozone measurements were also extended to four sites in the suburbs of Zagreb. Methods of active and passive sampling with nitrite ion as a reagent were used. In the northern part of the town ozone was analyzed by an automatic device. Automatic device measurements in the years 1999 and 2000 showed that hourly averages of ozone concentrations did not exceed the Croatian recommended value of the 98th percentile (180 g m^–3). Over the two-year period, 24-h averages occasionally exceed 110 g m^–3 in city center and in the northern part of the town. Regardless of these isolated examples, ozone was well within acceptable concentrations. Ozone concentrations measured in summer 2000 were higher in the suburbs of Zagreb than in the city. The 98th percentile values higher than 110 g m^–3 were recorded at three sites.