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281.
在过去的25年中,世界铝土矿和氧化(?)的产业结构发生了重大变化。世界铝土矿生产国已开发出了新的铝土矿资源,建立了新的氧化铝工厂,使其数量和质量也发生了巨大变化。本文分析了过去25年全世界铝土矿和氧化铝的生产状况,展望了未来25年全世界铝土矿和氧化铝的发展趋势。过去25年,全世界铝土矿年均生产量仅为3000万 t,而目前已超过1亿 t。1965年,全世界铝土矿的主要生产国为牙买加,其产量占世界总产量的1/3 相似文献
282.
Pachepsky YA Guber AK Shelton DR McCarty GW 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(3):1365-1369
Manure and animal waste deposited on cropland and grazing lands serve as a source of microorganisms, some of which may be pathogenic. These microorganisms are released along with particles of dissolved manure during rainfall events. Relatively little if anything is known about the amounts and sizes of manure particles released during rainfall, that subsequently may serve as carriers, abode, and nutritional source for microorganisms. The objective of this work was to obtain and present the first experimental data on sizes of bovine manure particles released to runoff during simulated rainfall and leached through soil during subsequent infiltration. Experiments were conducted using 200 cm long boxes containing turfgrass soil sod; the boxes were designed so that rates of manure dissolution and subsequent infiltration and runoff could be monitored independently. Dairy manure was applied on the upper portion of boxes. Simulated rainfall (ca. 32.4 mm h(-1)) was applied for 90 min on boxes with stands of either live or dead grass. Electrical conductivity, turbidity, and particle size distributions obtained from laser diffractometry were determined in manure runoff and soil leachate samples. Turbidity of leachates and manure runoff samples decreased exponentially. Turbidity of manure runoff samples was on average 20% less than turbidity of soil leachate samples. Turbidity of leachate samples from boxes with dead grass was on average 30% less than from boxes with live grass. Particle size distributions in manure runoff and leachate suspensions remained remarkably stable after 15 min of runoff initiation, although the turbidity continued to decrease. Particles had the median diameter of 3.8 microm, and 90% of particles were between 0.6 and 17.8 microm. The particle size distributions were not affected by the grass status. Because manure particles are known to affect transport and retention of microbial pathogens in soil, more information needs to be collected about the concurrent release of pathogens and manure particles during rainfall events. 相似文献
283.
Vethamony P Sudheesh K Babu MT Jayakumar S Manimurali R Saran AK Sharma LH Rajan B Srivastava M 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,148(2):438-444
An oil spill occurred off Goa, west coast of India, on 23 March 2005 due to collision of two vessels. In general, fair weather with weak winds prevails along the west coast of India during March. In that case, the spill would have moved slowly and reached the coast. However, in 2005 when this event occurred, relatively stronger winds prevailed, and these winds forced the spill to move away from the coast. The spill trajectory was dominated by winds rather than currents. The MIKE21 Spill Analysis model was used to simulate the spill trajectory. The observed spill trajectory and the slick area were in agreement with the model simulations. The present study illustrates the importance of having pre-validated trajectories of spill scenarios for selecting eco-sensitive regions for preparedness and planning suitable response strategies whenever spill episodes occur. 相似文献
284.
Rawat M Singh UK Mishra AK Subramanian V 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,137(1-3):67-74
In this study, an attempt has been made to study methane flux and quantification of heavy metals from Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW) landfill areas of selected cities in India. During the period of study, the average value of methane flux was estimated
from these landfill areas varied from 146–454 mg/m2/h. Methane emission from landfill is of serious environmental global concern
as it accounts for approximately 15 percentages of current Greenhouse gas emissions. It has been estimated that methane emission,
from landfill areas in the world, in next two decades would be same as that what is emitted from paddy fields presently. Besides,
the estimation of methane flux, quantification of some heavy metals was conducted to analyse the suitability of using MSW
as compost. The average values for metals were observed to be both within the range of USEPA and Indian standards for MSW
disposal in landfill areas and to be used as compost respectively. 相似文献
285.
The oxides of nitrogen—NO
x
(NO and NO2)—are an important constituent of the troposphere. The availability of relatively higher spatial (0.25° grid) and temporal
(daily) resolution data from ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) onboard Aura helps us to better differentiate between the point
sources such as thermal power plants from large cities and rural areas compared to previous sensors. The annual and seasonal
(summer and winter) distributions shows very high mean tropospheric NO2 in specific pockets over India especially over the Indo-Gangetic plains (up to 14.2 × 1015 molecules/cm2). These pockets correspond with the known locations of major thermal power plants. The tropospheric NO2 over India show a large seasonal variability that is also observed in the ground NO2 data. The multiple regression analysis show that the influence of a unit of power plant (in gigawatts) over tropospheric
NO2 (×1015 molecules/cm2) is around ten times compared to a unit of population (in millions) over India. The OMI data show that the NO2 increases by 0.794 ± 0.12 (×1015 molecules/cm2; annual) per GW compared to a previous estimate of 0.014 (×1015 molecules/cm2) over India. The increase of tropospheric NO2 per gigawatt is found to be 1.088 ± 0.18, 0.898 ± 0.14, and 0.395 ± 0.13 (×1015 molecules/cm2) during winter, summer, and monsoon seasons, respectively. The strong seasonal variation is attributed to the enhancement
or suppression of NO2 due to various controlling factors which is discussed here. The recent increasing trend (2005–2007) over rural thermal power
plants pockets like Agori and Korba is due to recent large capacity additions in these regions. 相似文献
286.
The present work aims at identification of multiple drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria in a selected stretch, namely, Puri
on the Bay of Bengal, India. Six stations at the coast of Puri were selected and samples of water and sediment were collected
during the winter of 2008 and 2009 for this study. Thirty-eight pathogenic bacteria were isolated and identified from both
the water and the sediment of 6 fixed stations (PU-1a, PU-1b, PU-2, PU-3, PU-4, and PU-5). The identified pathogens were Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis. Antibiotic sensitivity of the isolated bacteria was studied by using 12 selected antibiotics, commonly used for the medication
of human beings and animals. The isolated pathogens from both the water and the sediment samples showed lowest resistance
to chloramphenicol (C-30 μg) where as the pathogens showed highest level of resistance to ampicillin (10-μg) among the antibiotics
used for the study. Among the isolated pathogens E. faecalis (PU-1a), P. aeruginosa (PU-2 and PU-3), E. coli (PU-3 and PU-4), and K. pneumonia (PU-4) showed resistance to more than four antibiotics. Out of the isolated species, 57.8% pathogens were multi-drug resistant.
Antibiotic resistance indexes of all the stations were calculated and found to be in the range of 0.066 to 0.083. 相似文献
287.
Simulation models are used to aid the decision makers about water pollution control and management in river systems. However,
uncertainty of model parameters affects the model predictions and hence the pollution control decision. Therefore, it often
is necessary to identify the model parameters that significantly affect the model output uncertainty prior to or as a supplement
to model application to water pollution control and planning problems. In this study, sensitivity analysis, as a tool for
uncertainty analysis was carried out to assess the sensitivity of water quality to (a) model parameters (b) pollution abatement
measures such as wastewater treatment, waste discharge and flow augmentation from upstream reservoir. In addition, sensitivity
analysis for the “best practical solution” was carried out to help the decision makers in choosing an appropriate option.
The Delhi stretch of the river Yamuna was considered as a case study. The QUAL2E model is used for water quality simulation.
The results obtained indicate that parameters K
1 (deoxygenation constant) and K
3 (settling oxygen demand), which is the rate of biochemical decomposition of organic matter and rate of BOD removal by settling,
respectively, are the most sensitive parameters for the considered river stretch. Different combinations of variations in
K
1 and K
2 also revealed similar results for better understanding of inter-dependability of K
1 and K
2. Also, among the pollution abatement methods, the change (perturbation) in wastewater treatment level at primary, secondary,
tertiary, and advanced has the greatest effect on the uncertainty of the simulated dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen
demand concentrations. 相似文献
288.
Binelli A Sarkar SK Chatterjee M Riva C Parolini M Bhattacharya Bd Bhattacharya AK Satpathy KK 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2009,153(1-4):221-234
The paper presents the first comprehensive survey of congener profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in core sediment samples (<63 microm particle size) covering seven sites in Sunderban mangrove Wetland, north-eastern part of the Bay of Bengal. Results pointed out a non-homogenous contamination of the wetland with Sigma23PCB values ranging from 0.5 to 26.9 ng g(-1) dry weight, reflecting very low to moderate contamination closely in conformity to other Asian coastal environment. The general decreasing order of the dominant congeners to the total load was: CB138 > 153 > 149 > 101, indicating the predominance of hexa-chlorinated congeners. The spatial distribution revealed significant differences in concentration related to local urbanization with industrial and land-based sources. No uniform temporal trend on PCB levels was recorded probably due to particular hydrological characteristics of the wetland and/or non-homogenous inputs from point sources. Strong positive correlations between the seven dominant congeners suggest their common sources and similar environmental behaviors. These results were also used for a risk assessment evaluation in the Sunderban wetland, showing that the present PCB levels were exceeding in few cases the lower limit of sediment quality guidelines of Environmental Protection Agency and Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. 相似文献
289.
Srivastava AK Singh S Tiwari S Bisht DS 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(4):1144-1158
Introduction
The present work is aimed to understand direct radiation effects due to aerosols over Delhi in the Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) region, using detailed chemical analysis of surface measured aerosols during the year 2007. 相似文献290.
Singh KP Singh AK Singh UV Verma P 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(3):724-738