景观型泻湖水体交换特性研究

以河北省七里海泻湖为例,建立了七里海泻湖及外海辽东湾的三维潮流数学模型,利用潮汐的实测数据对该模型进行了验证。结果表明,该模型能较好地模拟七里海泻湖及外海辽东湾的流场。为评价该泻湖的水体交换能力,选用溶解态保守型物质作为示踪剂,以更新时间来描述水体与外界交换的时间维特征。结果表明,无风情况下,泻湖末端水体交换能力差,水体交换时间大于800 d;考虑风向因素后,水体交换时间大幅缩短,以东北风作用尤为显著,水体交换时间均小于300 d,最有利于污染物的输移扩散。     

一次冷锋过程中我国区域空气污染边界层特征

利用常规地面气象和探空资料、ERA-interim再分析资料、以及全国PM_2.5浓度数据,针对2015年3月7~11日一次冷空气南下的锋面天气过程中,我国华北、华东地区出现的大范围空气污染,开展了高空各层天气形势分析,以及本次过程中污染区域由北至南6个城市（北京、章丘、郑州、南阳、武汉、长沙）边界层气象要素的垂直结构及其时空演变特征的研究.结果表明：在污染前期（3月7~8日）中高纬度500hPa平直的纬向环流和地面均压场,为污染天气的发生和维持以及空气污染物的集聚提供了有利的环流场.污染中期（3月8~10日）冷空气南下,地面冷高压向华东地区移动,重污染区域随冷高压前部的弱低压场或均压场由北向南移动.伴随着天气系统移动,六个地面观测站的边界层特征在时空上表现出相似性,由北向南各站在污染期间先后出现多层逆温,风速较小,逆温层下相对湿度较大.此次多层逆温的形成是由于夜间近地面辐射冷却、冷锋移动过程中产生的锋面逆温以及边界层以上的下沉运动造成的.本研究揭示了在天气系统移动中,位于天气系统相同部位站点的边界层结构具有共同的特征,及其与空气污染的关系.     

SO32-/HSO5-体系去除印染生化尾水溶解性有机污染物

印染废水常规生化处理尾水中仍残余一定浓度的溶解性有机污染物（DOM）和新标准严格管控的苯胺.采用亚硫酸钠活化过硫酸氢钾复合盐（SO₃^2-/HSO₅^-）产硫酸根自由基（SO₄^-·）高级氧化体系对尾水进行深度处理,并基于响应面法优化初始pH值、反应温度、SO₃^2-/HSO₅^-物质的量比和HSO₅^-投加量对COD和苯胺去除效果的单独及交互影响.结果表明该体系对苯胺具有非常显著的去除效果,同时对COD亦有一定的降解能力.影响因子对COD和苯胺降解效果贡献排序分别为：温度>n（SO₃^2-）/n（HSO₅^-）>n（HSO₅^-）>初始pH值和n（HSO₅^-）>n（SO₃^2-）/n（HSO₅^-）/初始pH值>温度.在实验优化后得到的最佳条件下（pH=6.8,温度为53℃,SO₃^2-/HSO₅^-物质的量比为1.6,HSO₅^-投加量为37.1mmol/L）反应10min,出水的COD和苯胺去除率分别达到33%和90%.进一步分析了印染生化尾水处理前后DOM的荧光和分子特性,三维荧光光谱（3DEEMs）发现芳香族蛋白质和溶解性微生物代谢产物是原尾水中DOM的主要组分,经不同氧化条件下出水中DOM的荧光强度明显降低且性质发生改变,荧光区域标准体积削减了42.03%~77.67%;同时观察到氧化出水中类色氨酸（Ex/Em=230~225nm/340~330nm）峰值发生了5~10nm的蓝移,推测尾水中稠环芳烃分解为小分子,共轭基团和芳香环数量减少;凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）结果表明DOM中大分子（0.45 μm~100kDa）物质比例为41%,中等分子（12~100kDa）物质的比例为48.9%,峰值分子量（Mp）为56.324kDa,Mw/Mn=2.168,处理后的出水Mp主要分布在12.28~17.56kDa范围内,小分子物质数量增多,结构和种类发生变化;气相色谱质谱（GC-MS）进一步揭示氧化出水中的烷烃类物质含量明显降低,主要副产物为一些酯类、醇类和脂肪酸物质,为后续进一步生化处理创造了条件.     

Reactivity of litter leachates from California oak woodlands in the formation of disinfection by-products

Litter materials from forested watersheds can be a significant source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to surface waters that can contribute to the formation of carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) during drinking-water chlorination. This study characterized the reactivity of DOM from litter leachates of representative vegetation in oak woodlands, a major plant community in the Foothill Region of California. Leachates from fresh and decomposed litter (duff) from two oak species, pine, and annual grasses were collected for an entire rainy season to evaluate their reactivity to form DBPs on chlorination. Relationships among specific ultraviolet absorbance (SΔUVA), fluorescence index (FI), specific differential ultraviolet absorbance (SΔUVA), specific chlorine demand (SCD), and the dissolved organic carbon:dissolved organic nitrogen (DOC:DON) ratio to the specific DBP formation potential (SDBP-FP) were examined. The DOM derived from litter materials had considerable reactivity in forming trihalomethanes (THMs) (1.80-3.49 mmol mol), haloacetic acid (HAAs) (1.62-2.76 mmol mol(-1)), haloacetonitriles (HANs) (0.12-0.37 mmol mol(-1)), and chloral hydrate (CHD) (0.16-0.28 mmol mol). These values are comparable to other identified watershed sources of DBP precursors reported for the California Delta, such as wetlands and organic soils. Vegetation type and litter decomposition stage (fresh litter versus 1-5 yr-old duff) were key factors that determined characteristics of DOM and their reactivity to form DBPs. Pine litter had significantly lower specific THM formation potential compared with oak and grass, and decomposed duff had a greater DON content, which is a precursor of HANs and other nitrogenous DBPs. The SΔUVA and SDBP-FP were temporally variable and dependent on vegetation type, degree of decomposition, and environmental conditions. Among the optical properties of DOM, SΔUVA was the only parameter that was consistently correlated with SDBP-FP.     

引滦入津工程黎河段机理与非机理水质预测模型对比分析

根据引滦入津工程黎河输水河道水文水质监测资料,分别建立河道机理水质模型和非机理水质模型,对2005年前毛庄断面的氯化物和氨氮进行了预测.两种水质模型建立的理论基础、求解方法、参数验证、模拟所需的数据种类和时段、适用状况、预测精度均不同.对两种河道水质模型预测结果精度进行了比较,结果表明,预测误差均小于20%,机理水质模型较非机理精度高.研究表明,机理水质模型适合于短时间内黎河河道水质变化的精细模拟,非机理模型适合于中长期水质变化趋势预测.     

3个品种水稻种子萌发对酸雨胁迫的响应

为了探索不同水稻种植区水稻品种对酸雨胁迫的响应规律,采用室内实验方法研究pH值为2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、5.0的模拟酸雨对隆安优8、天协1、协优57水稻品种种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和异状发芽率5个指标的影响.结果表明:酸雨持续胁迫7d后,上述3个品种的发芽势(率)、发芽(活力)指数随胁迫强度增加(pH值为5.0～3.0)呈先增后减的变化,pH值为2.5时种子仅有异状发芽,pH值为2.0时均不发芽;3者的发芽势(率)、发芽(活力)指数等均与胁迫时间(1～7d)呈显著负相关(异状发芽率呈正相关).综合分析认为,酸雨对3个水稻品种的伤害阈限为pH值2.5～3.5;一定胁强(pH值为2.5)下,3类种子上述5项萌发指标与CK呈显著差异的胁时不同:隆安优8、协优57(4d,2d,2d,2d,4d)大于或等天协1(3d,2d,2d,2d,3d),表明3者对酸雨的抗性存在一定差异,即隆安优8、协优57大于天协1.     

Longer-term effects of Washington, DC, law on drivers' hand-held cell phone use

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the substantial short-term declines in drivers' use of hand-held phones achieved in the District of Columbia (DC) were sustained 1 year after a ban. METHODS: Drivers' daytime hand-held cell phone use was observed in DC and nearby areas of Virginia and Maryland, states without bans. Observations were conducted several months before the ban, shortly after, and 1 year later. The number of vehicles observed in all three surveys combined was 51,945 in DC, 36,796 in Maryland, and 43,033 in Virginia. RESULTS: The rate of talking on hand-held phones declined significantly from 6.1 percent before the law to 3.5 percent shortly after; when measured 1 year later, use was 4.0 percent, still significantly lower than baseline. Based on increases in rates of talking on hand-held phones in Maryland and Virginia, longer-term phone use in DC was estimated to be 53 percent lower than would have been expected without the ban. Declines in DC were identified for drivers of vehicles registered in all three jurisdictions. CONCLUSIONS: In DC, there was an initial decline of about 50 percent in drivers talking on hand-held cell phones following a ban, and this decline was sustained about 1 year later. After a similar ban in New York, there was an initial decline in phone use comparable with the initial decline in DC, but the decline a year after the New York ban took full effect was only about 21 percent and not statistically significant. The potential difference in sustained effectiveness for the DC ban may reflect tougher enforcement in DC. Even if full compliance with hand-held phone bans can be achieved, the risks from drivers' use of hands-free phones will remain.     

Efficacy of side airbags in reducing driver deaths in driver-side car and SUV collisions

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the efficacy of side airbags in preventing driver deaths in passenger vehicles struck on the driver side. METHODS: Risk ratios for driver deaths per driver-side collision were computed for side airbag-equipped cars and SUVs, relative to vehicles without side airbags. Driver fatality ratios also were calculated for the same vehicles in front and rear impacts, and these were used to adjust the side crash risk ratios for differences in fatality risk unrelated to side airbags. Risk ratios were calculated separately for side airbags providing torso-only protection and side airbags with head protection; almost all head protecting airbags also had airbags protecting the torso. RESULTS: Car driver death risk in driver-side crashes was reduced by 37 percent for head protecting airbags and 26 percent for torso-only side airbags. Car driver death risk was reduced for older and younger drivers, males and females, and drivers of small and midsize cars, and when the striking vehicle was an SUV/pickup or a car/minivan. Death risk for drivers of SUVs was reduced by 52 percent with head protecting side airbags and by 30 percent with torso-only airbags. The effectiveness of side airbags could not be assessed for pickups and minivans due to the small number of these vehicles with airbags involved in crashes. CONCLUSION: Side airbags substantially reduce the risk of car and SUV driver death in driver-side collisions. Making side airbags with head protection available to drivers and right front passengers in all passenger vehicles could reduce the number of fatalities in motor vehicle crashes in the United States by about 2,000 each year.