Evaluation of diffusive samplers and photoionisation detectors for measuring very short peak exposures in the workplace

The extent to which very short peak widths, peak frequency, sampling time and post-sampling/pre-capping time impact upon occupational exposure measurements of toluene has been investigated using diffusive tubes. Additionally, the effect of the width of the peak on the estimation of peak maximum concentration and time-weighted average (TWA) concentration from real-time instruments (photoionisation detectors-PIDs) was also studied, and their responses modelled. No clear differences were perceived between diffusive and pumped tube results. Mean biases of -5 to +6% were recorded but no trend could be distinguished with respect to any of the variables examined; the main source of uncertainty was attributed to analytical uncertainty. The diffusive tubes can therefore be used to measure short term transient toluene concentrations (e.g. 5 s duration) over short (15 min) exposure periods. The two slower responding PIDs (t50 = 4 s) underestimated the maximum concentration of short term peaks having durations less than 10 s. The other three PIDs (t50 < or = 2 s) only significantly underestimated the maximum concentration of short term peaks having durations of 2 s and below. Pulse duration appeared to affect the PID's estimation of peak height more than peak area (TWA concentration).     

Size and XAD fractionations of trihalomethane precursors from soils

Soil organic matter is an important source of allochthonous dissolved organic matter inputs to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta waterways, which is a drinking water source for 22 million people in California, USA. Knowledge of trihalomethane (THM) formation potential of soil-derived organic carbon is important for developing effective strategies for organic carbon removal in drinking water treatment. In this study, soil organic carbon was extracted with electrolytes (deionized H2O and Na- or Ca-based electrolytes) of electrical conductivity bracketing those found in Delta leaching and runoff conditions. The extracts were physically and chemically separated into different fractions: colloidal organic carbon (0.45-0.1 microm), fine colloidal organic carbon (0.1-0.025 microm), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (<0.025 microm); hydrophobic acid (HPOA), transphilic acid, and hydrophilic acid. Two representative Delta soils, Rindge Muck (a peat soil) and Scribner Clay Loam (a mineral soil) were examined. Results showed that less than 2% of soil organic carbon was electrolyte-extractable and heterogeneous organic fractions with distinct THM reactivity existed. Regardless of soil and electrolytes, DOC and HPOA fractions were dominant in terms of total concentration and THMFP. The amounts of extractable organic carbon and THMFP were dependent on the cation and to a lesser extent on electrical conductivity of electrolytes. Along with our previous study on temperature and moisture effects on DOC production, we propose a conceptual model to describe the impacts of agricultural practices on DOC production in the Delta. DOC is mainly produced in the surface peat soils during the summer and is immobilized by accumulated salt in the soils. DOC is leached from soils to drainage ditches and finally to the Delta channels during winter salt leaching practices.     

Evaluation of zeolite for control of odorants emissions from simulated poultry manure storage

Poultry operations are associated with emissions of aerial ammonia (NH3), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and odor, and the magnitude of emissions is influenced by manure management practices. As a manure treatment additive, zeolites have been shown to have the potential to control NH3. Because of their properties it is also expected that zeolites could effectively adsorb VOCs and odor. The effectiveness of zeolite in controlling odor and VOCs was qualitatively evaluated in this controlled laboratory study involving simulated poultry manure storage. In the first two trials, zeolite was topically applied on nearly fresh laying hen manure at the rates of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10% (by weight). In the third trial, zeolite was topically applied at 5% with each addition of fresh manure into the storage vessel. Headspace samples from the emission vessels were collected with solid phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed on a multidimensional-gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (MDGC-MS-O) system for identification and prioritization of poultry manure odorants. Acetic acid, butanoic acid, isovaleric acid, indole, and skatole were consistently controlled in the headspace, with the reduction rate being proportional to the zeolite application rate. Dimethyl trisulfide and phenol were consistently generated, and with a few exceptions, the rate of generation was proportional to the application rate. Average reduction of the odor caused by all odorants evaluated with SPME-GC-O was 67% (+/-12%) and 51% (+/-26%) for the two topical applications, respectively, while no significant reduction of VOCs and odor was detected for the layered application.     

20t/h蒸汽锅炉向热水锅炉的技术改造

本文介绍了SHL型20t/h蒸汽锅炉向热水锅炉的改造,重点介绍了锅炉的水循环以及炉膛和受压部分的改造。     

杂质对过硫酸铵热稳定性的影响

为研究常见杂质如水、酸碱、金属、盐及橡胶等物质对过硫酸铵热稳定性的影响,对过硫酸铵及过硫酸铵与不同杂质混合物在空气中的热分解反应和放热特性进行了测试,得到反应热、起始放热温度等热稳定性参数,在此基础上研究其反应动力学,得到表观反应活化能、指前因子等动力学参数,利用Semenov热爆炸模型计算了过硫酸铵及过硫酸铵与不同杂质混合物的自加速分解温度(SADT)。结果表明:杂质的加入使过硫酸铵的热稳定性降低,计算得到过硫酸铵的SADT为155℃,通过对过硫酸铵及过硫酸铵与不同杂质混合物的SADT进行比较,发现上述杂质的加入均能使过硫酸铵的SADT降低,其中水、酸、氢氧化钠加入后过硫酸铵的SADT分别降低至75℃、80℃和75℃。     

包埋异养硝化好氧反硝化菌株qy37脱氮效果的碳源选择

为解决有机碳不足抑制反硝化反应造成的脱氮效率低下的问题,在异养硝化好氧反硝化菌株qy37固定化过程中分别加入乳糖、柠檬酸钠、可溶性淀粉、蔗糖、葡萄糖作为碳源研究其脱氮效果.试验结果显示,脱氮效果从大到小为可溶性淀粉、葡萄糖、蔗糖、柠檬酸钠、乳糖;其中可溶性淀粉作为碳源的脱氮效果最佳,脱氮率能达到85％.加入适量的可溶性淀粉可以很好的改善海藻酸钠、PVA小球的机械强度,减少PVA小球吸附成团,吸水溶胀现象.分别加入质量浓度为3 g/L、5 g/L、8 g/L、10 g/L的可溶性淀粉,确定菌株qy37菌最适碳源的质量浓度为8 g/L.对碳源的包埋方式即将碳源和异养硝化好氧反硝化菌分开包埋和一起包埋进行对比.试验结果显示,将碳源和异养硝化好氧反硝化菌株qy37一起包埋的小球脱氮效果较好,最终脱氮率达到92％以上.同时发现碳源材料固定化后具有缓释性能,随着反硝化过程中有机质的消耗,可以不断向水体释放有机质.     

Role of nitrogen fertilization in sustaining organic matter in cultivated soils

Soil organic matter (SOM) is essential for sustaining food production and maintaining ecosystem services and is a vital resource base for storing C and N. The impact of long-term use of synthetic fertilizer N on SOM, however, has been questioned recently. Here we tested the hypothesis that long-term application of N results in a decrease in SOM. We used data from 135 studies of 114 long-term experiments located at 100 sites throughout the world over time scales of decades under a range of land-management and climate regimes to quantify changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil organic nitrogen (SON). Published data of a total of 917 and 580 observations for SOC and SON, respectively, from control (unfertilized or zero N) and N-fertilized treatments (synthetic, organic, and combination) were analyzed using the SAS mixed model and by meta-analysis. Results demonstrate declines of 7 to 16% in SOC and 7 to 11% in SON with no N amendments. In soils receiving synthetic fertilizer N, the rate of SOM loss decreased. The time-fertilizer response ratio, which is based on changes in the paired comparisons, showed average increases of 8 and 12% for SOC and SON, respectively, following the application of synthetic fertilizer N. Addition of organic matter (i.e., manure) increased SOM, on average, by 37%. When cropping systems fluctuated between flooding and drying, SOM decreased more than in continuous dryland or flooded systems. Flooded rice ( L.) soils show net accumulations of SOC and SON. This work shows a general decline in SOM for all long-term sites, with and without synthetic fertilizer N. However, our analysis also demonstrates that in addition to its role in improving crop productivity, synthetic fertilizer N significantly reduces the rate at which SOM is declining in agricultural soils, worldwide.     

硫酸烷基化工艺反应器泄漏风险评估及控制措施研究

针对硫酸烷基化装置在运行过程中反应器泄漏的场景,利用保护层分析的手段,半定量评估了反应器相关管线、反应器法兰及反应器相关泵泄漏的风险发生概率和风险后果,并论证了以退料罐作为控制措施风险降低效果明显。在此基础上进一步通过反应热力学、动力学数据,研究了反应体系短期储存于退料罐中的次生反应失控风险,其中反应包括主反应、硫酸与三甲基戊烷反应以及硫酸与烯烃反应,研究表明在储存条件下三类反应的热失控风险较低,因此退料罐可以作为有效且无次生风险的泄漏风险控制措施。     

预加热对柠檬酸脱水污泥冬季生物干化的影响

利用预加热污泥（15℃~30℃）方式进行了柠檬酸脱水污泥冬季生物干化的效果及机理研究.结果表明,脱水污泥预热至20℃时可使生物干化高温期维持5.5d且最高温度可达57℃,干化14d污泥含水率从70%下降至34.80%,同时结合水含量降低了65.58%,远高于其他预热组的44.39%~49.53%的结合水去除率.能量平衡分析结果表明,污泥预热至25℃的生物产热量最高,但预热至20℃时用于水分蒸发的能量利用率最高,占总消耗热量的82.62%.此外,污泥胞外聚合物的蛋白质和多糖分析显示,LB-EPS和TB-EPS中蛋白质与多糖的比值和污泥结合水含量呈正相关,高温期Slime-EPS、LB-EPS、EP-EPS层蛋白质含量显著降低,说明蛋白质降解是柠檬酸脱水污泥生物干化的主要产热与脱水机理.     

金属有机骨架材料对苯乙烯废气的吸附

采用溶剂热法合成了金属有机骨架(MOF)材料MIL-101、UiO-66和HKUST-1，运用多种技术手段进行了表征，考察了3种MOF材料对苯乙烯的吸附性能。表征结果显示：3种MOF材料均具有较好的分散性、晶体颗粒均匀；MIL-101、HKUST-1和UiO-66的比表面积分别为2 510,1 147,742 m²/g。实验结果表明：在MOF材料用量3.0 g、温度25℃、压力101 kPa的条件下，MIL-101、UiO-66和HKUST-1对苯乙烯的平衡吸附量分别为795,197,126 mg/g;MIL-101对苯乙烯的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型；MIL-101吸附苯乙烯的过程分为表面吸附、颗粒内扩散和微孔吸附3个阶段，3个阶段对苯乙烯吸附量的贡献率分别为32.5%、61.8%和5.7%;3次连续吸附-脱附实验后，MIL-101对苯乙烯的吸附量基本保持不变，脱附率为98%，远高于木质活性炭(68%)，表现出良好的吸附性能和可再生性。