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351.
Jan A. Deprest Alan W. Flake Eduard Gratacos Yves Ville Kurt Hecher Kypros Nicolaides Mark P. Johnson François I. Luks N. Scott Adzick Michael R. Harrison 《黑龙江环境通报》2010,30(7):653-667
Fetal diagnosis prompts the question for fetal therapy in highly selected cases. Some conditions are suitable for in utero surgical intervention. This paper reviews historically important steps in the development of fetal surgery. The first invasive fetal intervention in 1963 was an intra-uterine blood transfusion. It took another 20 years to understand the pathophysiology of other candidate fetal conditions and to develop safe anaesthetic and surgical techniques before the team at the University of California at San Francisco performed its first urinary diversion through hysterotomy. This procedure would be abandoned as renal and pulmonary function could be just as effectively salvaged by ultrasound-guided insertion of a bladder shunt. Fetoscopy is another method for direct access to the feto-placental unit. It was historically used for fetal visualisation to guide biopsies or for vascular access but was also abandoned following the introduction of high-resolution ultrasound. Miniaturisation revived fetoscopy in the 1990s, since when it has been successfully used to operate on the placenta and umbilical cord. Today, it is also used in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), in whom lung growth is triggered by percutaneous tracheal occlusion. It can also be used to diagnose and treat urinary obstruction. Many fetal interventions remain investigational but for a number of conditions randomised trials have established the role of in utero surgery, making fetal surgery a clinical reality in a number of fetal therapy programmes. The safety of fetal surgery is such that even non-lethal conditions, such as myelomeningocoele repair, are at this moment considered a potential indication. This, as well as fetal intervention for CDH, is currently being investigated in randomised trials. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
352.
Winston Harrington Alan J. Krupnick 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1061-1067
A CHESS data base from Chattanooga, Tennessee was thoroughly scrutinized and found to be of high enough quality to warrant epidemiological analysis. Using this data base, the relationship between NO2 ambient pollution levels and acute respiratory disease in children was examined. Although a statistically significant relationship was found, it was not monotonic. Indeed, over the range of pollution values experiences, more illness is associated with low pollution values than with high ones. A U-shaped relationship between illness and NO2 concentrations was found in several subpopulations in addition to the entire data set, although for some subpopulations no relationship was found. In contrast, higher ambient sulfate levels were found to have a positive effect on acute respiratory disease incidence in children over the entire period and for different subsamples, although this effect was not significant for either season analyzed separately. 相似文献
353.
354.
Alan J. Bond Cláudia V. Viegas Christianne Coelho de Souza Reinisch Coelho Paulo Maurício Selig 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2010,18(1):6-13
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was originally tailored for restructuring rules and values regarding environmental protection, through interdisciplinary work. EIA has developed as a tool for decision-making for the implementation of projects which potentially pose significant environmental impacts. This paper reviews the sustainability and interdisciplinarity assumptions inherent in EIA. It illustrates through a case study of a proposed landfill extension in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, that these principles can arise more from informal knowledge processes than from legal ones. It can be shown that interdisciplinarity is often misunderstood as multidisciplinarity or simple knowledge clustering, and sustainability has no common definition amongst EIA practitioners, but that there predominates an understanding which delivers weak sustainability, driven primarily by social and economic goals. The conclusion is that EIA cannot achieve the original vision set out in the world's first legislation adopted in 1970 unless a learning-organization approach is taken whereby: the critical role of informal knowledge is recognized; informal knowledge is properly managed by EIA teams to engender a common understanding of sustainable development goals; interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary working practices are adopted. 相似文献
355.
Alan D. Tappin Utra Mankasingh Ian D. McKelvie Paul J. Worsfold 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(6):4791-4818
This study reports the results from the analyses of a 30-year (1974–2004) river water quality monitoring dataset for NO x –N (NO3–N?+?NO2–N), NH4–N, PO4–P and SiO2–Si at the tidal limit of the River Tamar (SW England), an agriculturally dominated and sparsely populated catchment. Annual mean concentrations of NH4–N, PO4–P and SiO2–Si were similar to other rural UK rivers, while annual mean concentrations of NO x –N were clearly lower. Estimated values for the 1940s were much lower than for those of post-1974, at least for NO3–N and PO4–P. Flow-weighted mean concentrations of PO4–P decreased by approximately 60 % between 1974 and 2004, although this change cannot be unequivocally ascribed to either PO4–P stripping from sewage treatment work effluents or reductions in phosphate fertiliser applications. Lower-resolution sampling (to once per month) in the late 1990s may also have led to the apparent decline; a similar trend was also seen for NH4–N. There were no temporal trends in the mean concentrations of NO x –N, emphasising the continuing difficulty in controlling diffuse pollution from agriculture. Concentrations of SiO2–Si and NO x –N were significantly and positively correlated with river flows ≤15 m3?s?1, showing that diffuse inputs from the catchment were important, particularly during the wet winter periods. In contrast, concentrations of PO4–P and NH4–N did not correlate across any flow window, despite the apparent importance of diffuse inputs for these constituents. This observation, coupled with the absence of a seasonal (monthly) cycle for these nutrients, indicates that, for PO4–P and NH4–N, there were no dominant sources and/or both undergo extensive within-catchment processing. Analyses of nutrient fluxes reveal net losses for NO3–N and SiO2–Si during the non-winter months; for NO3–N, this may be due to denitrification. Areal fluxes of NO x –N from the catchment were towards the higher end of the range for the UK, while NH4–N and PO4–P were closer to the lower end of the ranges for these nutrients. These data, taken together with information on sestonic chlorophyll a, suggest that water quality in the lower River Tamar is satisfactory with respect to nutrients. Analyses of these monitoring data, which were collected at considerable logistical and monetary cost, have revealed unique insights into the environmental behaviour of key nutrients within the Tamar catchment over a 30-year period. 相似文献
356.
357.
Kimberly J. Reich Karen A. Bjorndal Michael G. Frick Blair E. Witherington Chris Johnson Alan B. Bolten 《Marine Biology》2010,157(1):113-121
To determine whether loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) nesting in southeastern USA exhibit polymorphic foraging strategies, we evaluated skin samples for stable isotopes of carbon
(δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) from 310 loggerheads from four locations on the east coast of Florida and epibionts from 48 loggerheads. We found a dichotomy
between a depleted δ13C cluster and an enriched δ13C cluster. Epibionts from oceanic/pelagic or neritic/benthic habitats were largely consistent with this dichotomy. The bimodal
distribution of δ13C could reflect a bimodal foraging strategy or—because of the potential for confounding among four gradients of δ13C in marine environments—a polymodal foraging strategy. We integrate our results with results from other stable isotope studies,
satellite telemetry, and flipper tags to evaluate potential foraging strategies. Understanding foraging strategies is essential
for development of management plans for this endangered species that has suffered a 43% population decline over the last decade. 相似文献
358.
W. Alan Bowman 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):615-620
Abstract Gaussian model-based equations for critical downwind distance, wind speed, and plume height that result in maximum ground-level concentrations (MGLC) under downwash conditions for the rural stability mode were presented in a previous paper. This paper presents general equations for the critical downwind distance xc for the urban stability mode. Specific examples are presented for Schulman-Scire and Huber-Snyder downwash treatments for building-enhanced and regular sigmas. 相似文献
359.
An increasing trend towards the use of sustainable processes has led to recycled materials being incorporated into concrete. It is generally recognised that crushed recycled construction aggregate material produces concrete of a lower compressive strength, when used as an aggregate replacement due to deleterious materials within the aggregate.It is generally accepted that in the UK, freeze/thaw attack is, after chloride-induced corrosion, the most common cause of concrete deterioration. This paper addresses the freeze/thaw durability of recycled aggregate concrete using a paired comparison test based upon weight loss and final compressive strength.Recycled aggregate concrete was found to be of at least equal durability to concrete manufactured with virgin aggregates. This was due to careful selection of the replacement aggregate and treatment prior to batching.Durability is an important material property and recycled aggregates need to be widely tested to gain confidence for use within the industry and this work shows future possibilities. 相似文献
360.
Hawksbill sea turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata, are closely associated with coral reef and other hard-bottom habitats. Seagrass pastures are peripheral habitats for Caribbean
hawksbills. With the decline in quality and quantity of coral reefs, seagrass habitats may become more important for hawksbills.
We use data from a 30-year mark-recapture study of hawksbills and green turtles, Chelonia mydas, in the southern Bahamas to assess the quality of a seagrass habitat for hawksbills. Size distribution, residence times,
and body condition index for the seagrass hawksbill aggregation are similar to those of hawksbill aggregations over Caribbean
reefs. Somatic growth rates of seagrass hawksbills are in the upper range of those reported for reef hawksbills. Based on
these parameters, peripheral seagrass habitats can support healthy, productive hawksbill aggregations. During the 30-year
study, a sixfold variation in green turtle density in the study area did not affect the productivity or body condition of
hawksbills. 相似文献