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101.
Deploying heating technologies, such as air-source heat pumps (ASHPs), can respond to the dual challenges of tackling fuel poverty and reducing carbon emissions from domestic energy consumption. In the UK, ASHP performance has been found to be below design levels. Elements of three strands of literature – innovation diffusion, environmental psychology and neighbourhood effects – are combined to gain insights into why the adoption and performance of ASHPs are lagging policy targets and design potential. Evidence from users, installers and area-based scheme facilitators suggests that the perceived complexity of the technology is a barrier. The level of technology maturity and the typical profile of the elderly fuel poor do not match; the target group might prefer to be late adopters or laggards in adopting technology. The role of installers is critical as the disruption from installation is a barrier to adoption and ASHPs place demands on users to change existing practices. 相似文献
102.
Rudin-Brown CM Greenley MP Barone A Armstrong J Salway AF Norris BJ 《Traffic injury prevention》2004,5(1):8-17
A study was conducted that assessed the effectiveness of different child restraint system (CRS) label/warning designs on users' installation performance. Forty-eight paid participants installed a convertible CRS in a vehicle, and two child test dummies in a CRS, using one of four label conditions. The label conditions were: (1) no labels, (2) the manufacturer's labels that were already affixed to the CRS ("Current"), (3) labels that were designed according to a combination of the current U.S. regulations concerning CRS labels and recently proposed changes to these regulations ("Proposed"), and (4) labels that were designed according to human factors principles and guidelines, and that were based on a hierarchical behavioral task analysis ("Optimal"). Results demonstrated that, overall, the Optimal labels resulted in higher usability ratings and better task performance. This indicates that labels designed using human factors and task analyses that identify critical task information requirements for label features will result in increased user compliance with instructions, higher usability, and improved task performance. Surprisingly, having no labels on the CRS resulted in better installation performance than when either the Current or the Proposed label conditions were used. This indicates that label design can decrease task performance; the actual physical design of a CRS may be just as critical as label content in the installation choices provided to the user. Collectively, results suggest that implementation of the proposed changes to the U.S. regulations concerning CRS labeling would likely not result in increased performance or usability compared to existing manufacturer labels that follow the current guidelines. In order to achieve significantly better ease-of-use and task performance, it would be necessary to implement features of the Optimal label condition. 相似文献
103.
Though the solid waste management (SWM) system in Phnom Penh city in general has been upgraded since the waste collection service was franchised out to the private sector, the performance of the existing SWM system is still low. Unreliable and irregular collection service still exists. This means that there are shortcomings in the existing SWM system that need correction. This paper is an attempt to identify those shortcomings in order to find ways to improve the existing system. First, the present SWM system is reviewed. Then the system is evaluated to find constraints and shortfalls and finally some appropriate strategies are proposed that may help make SWM in the city more effective and efficient to meet environmentally sound objectives. 相似文献
104.
Lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus Girard, have a 3-month pelagic larval stage and are an important recreational and commercial species on the west coast of
North America. Cytochrome-c oxidase I sequences from tissue samples were used to characterize population structure and infer
patterns of gene flow from California to Alaska. No significant genetic structure was found when estimates of Wright’s F
ST (i.e., ΦST) were generated among all populations sampled. Nesting populations within regions, however, indicated that the inner coast
of Washington State is distinct, a result corroborating previous allozyme work. Coalescent-based estimates of gene flow indicate
that although migration can be high from an evolutionary perspective, nearly half of all comparisons among populations showed
no gene flow in at least one direction. From an ecological perspective, moderate migration rates (Nm < 10) among most populations provide surprisingly limited connectivity at large (∼ 1,000 km) and small (∼100 km) spatial
scales. Coalescent-based estimates also show that gene flow between the inner and the outer coasts is asymmetric, a result
consistent with prevailing surface currents. Because the expected inter-locus variances for coalescent-based estimates of
gene flow are likely large, future work will benefit from analyses of nuclear DNA markers. However, limited demographic connectivity
on large spatial scales may help explain why stock recovery has been uneven, with greater recovery in the northern (87% rebuilt)
than in the southern (24% rebuilt) fishery region, supporting a regional management strategy. These results suggest that despite
a 3-month pelagic larval stage, some areas may be effectively closed with respect to both population dynamics and fishery
management issues. 相似文献
105.
Alice Barbaglio Daniela Mozzi Michela Sugni Paolo Tremolada Francesco Bonasoro Ramon Lavado Cinta Porte M. Daniela Candia Carnevali 《Marine Biology》2006,149(1):65-77
Regenerative phenomena reproduce developmental processes in adult organisms and are regulated by neuro-endocrine mechanisms.
They can therefore provide sensitive tests for monitoring the effects of exposure to endocrine disrupter contaminants (EDs)
which can be bioaccumulated by the organisms causing dysfunctions in steroid hormone metabolism and activities and affecting
reproduction and development. Echinoderms are prime candidates for this new ecotoxicological approach, since (1) they offer
unique models to study physiological regenerative processes and (2) in echinoderms vertebrate-type steroids can be synthesized
and used as terminal hormones along the neuro-endocrine cascades regulating reproductive, growth and developmental processes.
We are currently exploring the effects on the regenerative potential of echinoderms of different classes of compounds that
are well known to have ED activity. The present paper focuses on the possible effects of well-known compounds with suspected
androgenic activity such as TPT-Cl (Triphenyltin-chloride) and Fenarimol [(±)-2,4-dichloro-α-(pyrimidin-5-yl) benzhydryl alcohol].
The selected test-species is the crinoid Antedon mediterranea, a tractable and sensitive benthic filter-feeding species which represents a valuable experimental model for investigation
on the regenerative process from the macroscopic to the molecular level. The present investigation employs an integrated approach
which combines exposure experiments and biological analysis utilizing microscopy, immunocytochemistry and biochemistry. The
experiments were carried out on experimentally induced arm regenerations in semistatic controlled conditions with exposure
concentrations comparable to those of moderately polluted coastal zones. The bulk of results obtained so far provide indications
of significant sublethal effects from exposure to TPT-Cl and Fenarimol and mechanisms of toxicity related to developmental
physiology, which are associated with variations in steroid levels in the animal tissues. The results indicate that these
two substances (1) affect growth and development by interfering with the same basic cellular mechanisms of regeneration, such
as cell proliferation, migration and differentiation/dedifferentiation, which are possibly controlled by steroid hormones;
and (2) can induce a number of significant modifications in the timing, modalities and pattern of arm regeneration, which
may involve the activation of cell mechanisms related to steroid synthesis/metabolism.
Physical and Chemical Impacts on Marine Organisms, a Bilateral Seminar Italy-Japan held in November 2004 相似文献
106.
107.
Monitoring Long-Term Ecological Changes Through the Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network: Science-Based and Policy Relevant 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ecological monitoring and its associated research programshave often provided answers to various environmental management issues. In the face of changing environmental conditions, ecological monitoring provides decision-makers with reliable information as they grapple with maintaining a sustainable economy and healthy environment. The EcologicalMonitoring and Assessment Network (EMAN) is a national ecological monitoring network consisting of (1) about 100 casestudy sites across the country characterized by long-term multi-disciplinary environmental work conducted by a multitudeof agencies (142 partners and counting); (2) a variety of lesscomprehensive yet more extensive monitoring sites; (3) a network where core monitoring variables of ecosystem change aremeasured; and (4) geo-referenced environmental observations. Environment Canada is the co-ordinating partner for the network through the EMAN Co-ordinating Office. EMAN's mission is to focus a scientifically-sound, policy-relevant ecosystem monitoring and research network based on (a) stabilizing a network of case-study sites operated by a varietyof partners, and (b) developing a number of cooperative dispersedmonitoring initiatives in order to deliver unique and needed goods and services. These goods and services include: (1) an efficient and cost-effective early warning system which detects,describes and reports on changes in Canadian ecosystems at a national or ecozone scale; and (2) cross-disciplinary and cross-jurisdictional assessments of ecosystem status, trends and processes. The early warning system and assessments of ecosystem status, trends and processes provide Environment Canada and partner organizations with timely information thatfacilitates increasingly adaptive policies and priority setting. Canadians are also informed of changes and trends occurring in Canadian ecosystems and, as a result, are betterable to make decisions related to conservation and sustainability. 相似文献
108.
In this paper we synthesise past disaster research that addresses issues of race and ethnicity in the United States. Using an eight-stage typology to organise the findings, this literature review presents the results from a wide range of studies. The synthesis shows how various racial and ethnic groups perceive natural hazard risks and respond to warnings, how groups may be differentially affected, both physically and psychologically, and how disaster effects vary by race and ethnicity during the periods of emergency response, recovery and reconstruction. We show that studies have important findings, many illustrating that racial and ethnic communities in the US are more vulnerable to natural disasters, due to factors such as language, housing patterns, building construction, community isolation and cultural insensitivities. By presenting these studies together, we are able to witness patterns of racial and ethnic inequalities that may be more difficult to see or interpret in individual studies that take place in one specific time and place. We conclude the review with policy and research recommendations. 相似文献
109.
Alice N. Pell 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》1999,1(3-4):337-348
This paper outlines the advantages of integrated crop–livestock systems and unsolved problems that need to be studied further. The discussion is subdivided by ecozone with consideration of arid and dry semi-arid areas with extensive livestock management; moist semi-arid and semi-humid areas where integrated crop–livestock systems are common; and humid areas where swine and poultry often predominate. To maintain soil organic matter in all ecozones, efficient recovery and use of nutrients from animal manures, crop residues and green manures is essential. In extensive systems in dry zones, animals transport nutrients from grazing areas to cropland, while in moister regions that are more intensively farmed, the emphasis is on the efficiency of nutrient recovery. Specific research questions relating to the overall ecosystem, nutrient cycling, plants, and animals are posed. 相似文献
110.
Nathan L. Kirk Jason P. Andras C. Drew Harvell Scott R. Santos Mary Alice Coffroth 《Marine Biology》2009,156(8):1609-1623
Numerous marine invertebrates form endosymbiotic relationships with dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium. However, few studies have examined the fine-scale population structure of these symbionts. Here, we describe the genetic
structure of Symbiodinium type “B1/B184” inhabiting the gorgonian Gorgonia
ventalina along the Florida Keys. Six polymorphic microsatellite loci were utilized to examine 16 populations along the Upper, Middle,
and Lower Keys spanning a range of ~200 km. Multiple statistical tests detected significant differentiation in 54–92% of the
120 possible pairwise comparisons between localities, suggesting low levels of gene flow in these dinoflagellates. In general,
populations clustered by geographic region and/or reefs in close proximity. Some of the sharpest population differentiation
was detected between Symbiodinium from deep and shallow sites on the same reef. In spite of the high degree of population structure, alleles and genotypes
were shared among localities, indicating some connectivity between Symbiodinium populations associated with G. ventalina.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献