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21.
Amber J. Soja Herman H. Shugart Anatoly Sukhinin Susan Conard Paul W. Stackhouse Jr. 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(1):75-96
Under current climate change scenarios, temperatures in Siberia are expected to increase, and consequently, fire is also expected
to increase. Potential climate-induced change is difficult to assess in Siberia because ground-based fire data are not complete.
This investigation introduces a method by which potential climate-induced change can be remotely evaluated. Mean fire return
intervals are established for 58 ecosystems across Siberia using eight years of satellite-based area burned data (1995 to
2002). Mean fire return intervals should decrease under current climate change scenarios, however the results do not currently
demonstrate consistent evidence of fire-induced change. The overall boreal forest mean fire return interval is lower than
the published mean, inferring increased fire. Most notably, using satellite data to calculate mean fire return intervals in
individual ecosystems for the entire population of fire is shown to be a viable method by which potential climate-induced
land cover change can be evaluated. 相似文献
22.
Learning during competitive positioning in the nest: do nestlings use ideal free ‘foraging’ tactics?
Begging behaviour of nestling birds may involve more than a simple, honest source of information for parents to use in provisioning. Many aspects of begging behaviour relate instead to sibling competition for food items within the nest, and we might expect evidence of adaptive learning and behavioural adjustment in response to experience of the competitive environment. In this study, we consider begging in different locations within the nest as analogous to foraging in different patches, varying in food availability. Using hand-feeding trials, we created zones of differing profitability within an artificial nest by adjusting either the prey size or number of items delivered, and allowed only indirect competition between pairs of southern grey shrike (Lanius meridionalis) nestlings. Nestlings demonstrated the ability to detect differences in zone profitability and position themselves accordingly. By the end of both the prey size and delivery rate trials nestlings had increased the amount of time spent in the high quality zone. Such movement in response to differences in load quality, as well as frequency, demonstrates the ability of nestlings to learn about their environment and to facultatively adjust their begging in order to maximise energetic rewards. 相似文献
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Takahashi K Otsuki T Mase A Kawado T Kotani M Ami K Matsushima H Nishimura Y Miura Y Murakami S Maeda M Hayashi H Kumagai N Shirahama T Yoshimatsu M Morimoto K 《Environment international》2008,34(6):765-772
BACKGROUND: Against increasing environmental adverse effects on human health such as those associated with water and ground pollution, as well as out- and indoor air conditions, trials were conducted to support and promote human health by improving the indoor air atmosphere. This study was performed to estimate the effect of negatively-charged air conditions on human biological markers related to the psycho-neuro-endocrino-immune (PNEI) network. OBJECTIVES: After construction of negatively-charged experimental rooms (NCRs), healthy volunteers were admitted to these rooms and control rooms (CTRs) and various biological responses were analyzed. METHODS: NCRs were constructed using a fine charcoal coating and applying an electric voltage (72 V) between the backside of walls and the ground. Various biological markers were monitored that related to general conditions, autonomic nervous systems, stress markers, immunological parameters and blood flow. RESULTS: Regarding the indoor environment, only negatively-charged air resulted in the difference between the CTR and NCR groups. The well-controlled experimental model-room to examine the biological effects of negatively-charged air was therefore established. Among the various parameters, IL-2, IL-4, the mean RR interval of the heart rate, and blood viscosity differed significantly between the CTR and NCR groups. In addition, the following formula was used to detect NCR-biological responses: Biological Response Value (BRV)=0.498+0.0005 [salivary cortisol]+0.072 [IL-2]+0.003 [HRM-SD]-0.013 [blood viscosity]-0.009 [blood sugar]+0.017 [pulse rate]. CONCLUSIONS: Negatively-charged air conditions activated the immune system slightly, smoothened blood flow and stabilized the autonomic nervous system. Although this is the first report to analyze negatively-charged air conditions on human biological responses, the long-term effects should be analyzed for the general use of these artificial atmospheres. 相似文献
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Edgerton ES Hartsell BE Saylor RD Jansen JJ Hansen DA Hidy GM 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2006,56(9):1325-1341
Deployment of continuous analyzers in the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization Study (SEARCH) network began in 1998 and continues today as new technologies are developed. Measurement of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mass is performed using a dried, 30 degrees C tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM). TEOM measurements are complemented by observations of light scattering by nephelometry. Measurements of major constituents include: (1) SO4(2-) via reduction to SO2; (2) NH4+ and NO3- via respective catalytic oxidation and reduction to NO, (3) black carbon (BC) by optical absorption, (4) total carbon by combustion to CO2, and (5) organic carbon by difference between the latter two measurements. Several illustrative examples of continuous data from the SEARCH network are presented. A distinctive composite annual average diurnal pattern is observed for PM2.5 mass, nitrate, and BC, likely indicating the influence of traffic-related emissions, growth, and break up of the boundary layer and formation of ammonium nitrate. Examination of PM2.5 components indicates the need to better understand the continuous composition of the unmeasured "other" category, because it contributes a significant fraction to total mass during periods of high PM2.5 loading. Selected episodes are presented to illustrate applications of SEARCH data. An SO2 conversion rate of 0.2%/hr is derived from an observation of a plume from a coal-fired power plant during early spring, and the importance of local, rural sources of NH3 to the formation of ammonium nitrate in particulate matter (PM) is demonstrated. 相似文献
27.
Rick D. Saylor Eric S. Edgerton Benjamin E. Hartsell Karsten Baumann D. Alan Hansen 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(38):4994-5004
Continuous ammonia (NH3) measurements with a temporal resolution of 5 min were implemented at selected SEARCH sites in the southeastern U. S. during 2007. The SEARCH continuous NH3 instrument uses a citric acid denuder difference technique employing a dual-channel nitric oxide-ozone chemiluminescence analyzer. Data from two SEARCH sites are presented, Jefferson Street, Atlanta (JST) (urban), and Yorkville, Georgia (YRK) (rural), for the period July–December, 2007. Highest NHx (total ammonia = gaseous NH3 + PM2.5 NH4+) values were observed in August and September at both JST and YRK. Highest NH3 values occurred in August and September at JST, but in August through October at YRK. Lowest NH3 and NHx values occurred in December at both sites. YRK is significantly impacted by nearby poultry sources, routinely experiencing hourly average NH3 mixing ratios above 20 ppbv. Wind sector analysis clearly implicates the nearby poultry operations as the source of the high NH3 values. Weekday versus weekend differences in composite hourly mean diurnal profiles of NH3 at JST indicate that mobile sources have a measurable but relatively small impact on NH3 observed at that site, and little or no impact on NH3 observed at YRK. A distinctive composite mean hourly diurnal variation was observed at both JST and YRK, exhibiting maxima in the morning and evening with a broad minimum during midday. Analysis of observed NH3 diurnal variations from the literature suggests a hypothesized mechanism for the observed behavior based on interaction of local emissions and dry deposition with the formation and collapse of the dynamically mixed atmospheric boundary layer during the day and shallow nocturnal layer at night. Simple mixed layer concentration box model simulations confirm the plausibility of the suggested mechanism. 相似文献
28.
Buledi Jamil Ahmed Amin Sidra Haider Syed Iqleem Bhanger Muhammad Iqbal Solangi Amber R. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(42):58994-59002
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The extensive release of heavy metals into the natural water bodies has become globally prevalent from past few decades. Heavy metal toxicity is... 相似文献
29.
Butt Muhammad Qasim Zeeshan Nadia Ashraf Naeem Mahmood Akhtar Muhammad Aftab Ashraf Hina Afroz Amber Shaheen Aqsa Naz Shumaila 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(39):54842-54851
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Massive discharge of wastes produced by the processing of leather so far confers the most important environmental challenge facing the tanneries... 相似文献
30.
Amber Krause 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2018,12(3):322-343
The news media’s increased reliance on visual communication to illustrate complex processes and promote learning stresses the importance of investigating how visual content impacts the understanding of scientific issues. In this paper, we investigate how members of the public interpret and make sense of differentially framed images of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) depicting environmental risk, economic benefit, or issue protest. For the analysis, a repeated measures online experiment was conducted with 250 participants to evaluate 40 photographs of fracking operations and consequences. Quantitative coding and thematic analysis of open-ended responses to the images reveal that standing attitudes, operationalized as support, opposition, or indecision about fracking, segments viewers into distinct groups and shapes interpretations of environmental risk and economic benefit. Issue opponents are more likely to indicate concern for the environment regardless of frame shown, whereas undecideds and supporters cite the impact on human health more frequently, largely in relation to job site safety. Supporters also see the least ambiguity, and most economic gains, in images about the controversial production practice. 相似文献