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591.
592.
Diana Dogaru Jürg Zobrist Dan Balteanu Claudia Popescu Mihaela Sima Manouchehr Amini Hong Yang 《Environmental management》2009,43(6):1131-1145
Mining-contaminated sites and the affected communities at risk are important issues on the agenda of both researchers and
policy makers, particularly in the former communist block countries in Eastern Europe. Integrated analyses and expert based
assessments concerning mining affected areas are important in providing solid policy guidelines for environmental and social
risk management and mitigation. Based on a survey for 103 households conducted in a former mining site in the Certej Catchment
of the Apuseni Mountains, western Romania, this study assesses local communities’ perceptions on the quality of water in their
living area. Logistic regression was used to examine peoples’ perception on the quality of the main river water and of the
drinking water based on several predictors relating to social and economic conditions. The results from the perception analysis
were then compared with the measurements of heavy metal contamination of the main river and drinking water undertaken in the
same study area. The findings indicate that perception and measurement results for the water quality in the Certej Catchment
are convergent, suggesting an obvious risk that mining activities pose on the surface water. However, the perception on drinking
water quality was little predicted by the regression model and does not seem to be so much related to mining as to other explanatory
factors, such as special mineralogy of rock and soils or improper water treatment infrastructure, facts suggested by the measurements
of the contaminants. Discussion about the implications of these joint findings for risk mitigation policies completes this
article. 相似文献
593.
Moore SA Wallington TJ Hobbs RJ Ehrlich PR Holling CS Levin S Lindenmayer D Pahl-Wostl C Possingham H Turner MG Westoby M 《Environmental management》2009,43(1):17-27
Current ecological thinking emphasizes that systems are complex, dynamic, and unpredictable across space and time. What is the diversity in interpretation of these ideas among today’s ecologists, and what does this mean for environmental management? This study used a Policy Delphi survey of ecologists to explore their perspectives on a number of current topics in ecology. The results showed general concurrence with nonequilibrium views. There was agreement that disturbance is a widespread, normal feature of ecosystems with historically contingent responses. The importance of recognizing multiple levels of organization and the role of functional diversity in environmental change were also widely acknowledged. Views differed regarding the predictability of successional development, whether “patchiness” is a useful concept, and the benefits of shifting the focus from species to ecosystem processes. Because of their centrality to environmental management, these different views warrant special attention from both managers and ecologists. Such divergence is particularly problematic given widespread concerns regarding the poor linkages between science (here, ecology) and environmental policy and management, which have been attributed to scientific uncertainty and a lack of consensus among scientists, both jeopardizing the transfer of science into management. Several suggestions to help managers deal with these differences are provided, especially the need to interpret broader theory in the context of place-based assessments. The uncertainty created by these differences requires a proactive approach to environmental management, including clearly identifying environmental objectives, careful experimental design, and effective monitoring. 相似文献
594.
Air quality in the Mexican cities of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, and Mexicali, Baja California, has suffered great detriment in recent years. It is well known that meteorology is one of the main factors affecting the dynamics of pollutants in the atmosphere. Here, the Penn State/NCAR Meteorological Mesoscale Model (MM5) meteorological system was applied to identify meteorological conditions conducive to high-ozone concentrations in such regions. Two summer 2001 ozone episodes for each geographical domain were selected with the aid of a classification and regression tree analysis technique. Model response to changes in its physical parameterization, horizontal grid resolution, and data assimilation schemes were assessed. Once a suitable configuration was selected, performance statistics were computed for model validation. MM5 simulated satisfactorily the meteorology of such episodes, yielding indexes of agreement of 0.4–0.8 for wind speed and 0.67–0.95 for temperature, on average. However, MM5 tended to underestimated temperature and overestimated wind speed. Froude numbers were calculated to analyze the impact of the terrain complexity on wind circulation. It was concluded that in both cities, wind convergence zones might enhance high-ozone concentrations. These results improve our understanding of the atmospheric processes exerting effect on air pollution within these airsheds. 相似文献
595.
Gorbi Stefania Benedetti Maura Virno Lamberti Claudia Pisanelli Barbara Moltedo Ginevra Regoli Francesco 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(11):3166-3173
Diethylene glycol (DEG) is largely used during oil and gas exploitation by offshore platforms. The aim of this work was to investigate if this compound induces direct molecular/cellular effects in marine organisms, or indirectly modulate those of produced waters (PWs). Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were exposed to DEG dosed alone or in combination with PWs from an Adriatic platform. A wide array of analysed biomarkers included cytochrome P450-dependent enzymatic activity, bile metabolites, glutathione S-transferases, acetylcholinesterase, peroxisomal proliferation, antioxidant defences (catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione), total oxyradical scavenging capacity, malondialdehyde and DNA integrity (single strand breaks and frequency of micronuclei). Results did not reveal marked effects of DEG, while PWs influenced the biotransformation system, the oxidative status and the onset of genotoxic damages. Co-exposures caused only limited differences of biomarker responses at some experimental conditions, overall suggesting a limited biological impact of DEG at levels normally deriving from offshore activities. 相似文献
596.
Luciano J. Merini Cecilia Bobillo Virginia Cuadrado Daniel Corach Ana M. Giulietti 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(11):3059-3063
Atrazine impact on human health and the environment have been extensively studied. Phytoremediation emerged as a low cost, environmental friendly biotechnological solution for atrazine pollution in soil and water. In vitro atrazine tolerance assays were performed and Lolium multiflorum was found as a novel tolerant species, able to germinate and grow in the presence of 1 mg kg−1 of the herbicide. L. multiflorum presented 20% higher atrazine removal capacity than the natural attenuation, with high initial degradation rate in microcosms. The mechanisms involved in atrazine tolerance such as mutation in psbA gene, enzymatic detoxification via P450 or chemical hydrolysis through benzoxazinones were evaluated. It was demonstrated that atrazine tolerance is conferred by enhanced enzymatic detoxification via P450. Due to its atrazine degradation capacity in soil and its agronomical properties, L. multiflorum is a candidate for designing phytoremediation strategies for atrazine contaminated agricultural soils, especially those involving run-off avoiding. 相似文献
597.
Contardo-Jara V Klingelmann E Wiegand C 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(1):57-63
The bioaccumulation potential of glyphosate and the formulation Roundup Ultra, as well as possible effects on biotransformation and antioxidant enzymes in Lumbriculus variegatus were compared by four days exposure to concentrations between 0.05 and 5 mg L−1 pure glyphosate and its formulation. Bioaccumulation was determined using 14C labeled glyphosate. The bioaccumulation factor (BCF) varied between 1.4 and 5.9 for the different concentrations, and was higher than estimated from log Pow. Glyphosate and its surfactant POEA caused elevation of biotransformation enzyme soluble glutathione S-transferase at non-toxic concentrations. Membrane bound glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly elevated in Roundup Ultra exposed worms, compared to treatment with equal glyphosate concentrations, but did not significantly differ from the control. Antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase was significantly increased by glyphosate but in particular by Roundup Ultra exposure indicating oxidative stress. The results show that the formulation Roundup Ultra is of more ecotoxicological relevance than the glyphosate itself. 相似文献
598.
Land change science has demonstrated that rural livelihoods around the world both drive and reflect changing environmental
regimes and political economic/structural transformations. This article explores the relationship between increasingly globalized
rural livelihoods and in-place land change, assessing results from social surveys of smallholding households in the southern
Yucatán region. We examine evidence for a transition in agricultural livelihood strategies as smallholders adjust to changing
political economic and institutional conditions, and link these transitioning strategies to land use changes. Based on household
surveys in 1997 and 2003, we comparatively assess both changes in the selection of livelihood strategies and in the land use
and cover impacts of those strategies. Our results indicate that although impacts of given strategies have changed little
over this period, there are increasing proportions of households pursuing two divergent adjustment paths—one of agricultural
withdrawal and one of agricultural intensification and commercialization. We investigate what sociodemographic characteristics
differentiate the groups of households following distinct livelihood strategies. Our findings point to the possibility of
simultaneous and contradictory land change outcomes as smallholders adjust in different ways to their intensified incorporation
into global economies. 相似文献
599.
The impact of socio-economics and climate change on tropical cyclone losses in the USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tropical cyclones that make landfall on the coast of the USA are causing increasing economic losses. It is assumed that the
increase in losses is largely due to socio-economic developments, i.e. growing wealth and greater settlement of exposed areas.
However, it is also thought that the rise in losses is caused by increasing frequency of severe cyclones resulting from climate
change, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity. The object of this paper is to investigate how
sensitive the losses are to socio-economic changes and climate changes and how these factors have evolved over the last 50 years.
We will then draw conclusions about the part the factors concerned play in the observed increase in losses. For analysis purposes,
storm loss is depicted as a function of the value of material assets affected by the storm (the capital stock) and storm intensity.
The findings show the increase in losses due to socio-economic changes to have been approximately three times greater than
that due to climate-induced changes. 相似文献
600.
Beginning in 1960, the Spanish agricultural sector underwent an intensive process of development, resulting in important structural changes, not only in the sector itself, but also in the relationship of the agrarian system to natural resources. These changes were closely related to the growth of per capita income and Spain’s increasing integration into international markets. In the last five decades, the volume of Spanish agricultural trade has increased strongly, with a concomitant increase in the consumption of domestic water resources, requiring the construction of water infrastructure for irrigation. This paper examines the impact on water use in Spain during a period of economic modernization and trade liberalization. More specifically, we are interested in obtaining virtual water trade flow trends and identifying the major drivers responsible for these trajectories, via a decomposition analysis. Our results point to a large increase in virtual water exports and imports, primarily driven by the scale effect, that is, by the growing integration into international markets. The composition effect and changes in water intensity entailed a moderation in water consumption. 相似文献