Toxic effects of anthraquinone and phenanthrenequinone upon Scenedesmus strains (green algae) at low and elevated concentration of CO2

Short-term (24h) experiments were performed to examine the effect of anthraquinone (ANTQ) and phenanthrenequinone (PHEQ) on two Scenedesmus armatus strains (B1-76 and 276-4d) grown in a batch culture system aerated with CO2 at a low (0.1%) or elevated (2%) concentration. ANTQ at concentrations within the range of 0.156-1.250 mg dm-3 inhibited the growth of B1-76 population in a concentration-dependent manner, and calculated EC50 for low-CO2 cells was 0.56 mg dm-3. The toxic effect of ANTQ on this strain was more pronounced in high-CO2 cells, where not only growth but also photosynthesis, respiration and SOD activity were significantly inhibited. In contrast, except for SOD activity, no ANTQ effects on strain 276-4d were found. PHEQ at concentrations within the range of 0.063-0.125 mg dm-3 inhibited the growth of B1-76 population in a concentration-dependent manner. The value of EC50 for low-CO2 B1-76 cells was 0.10 mg dm-3. PHEQ inhibited the growth of both strains regardless of CO2 concentration. In B1-76 cells affected by PHEQ, inhibition of photosynthesis was independent of the CO2 level, whereas the SOD activity was much higher in cultures aerated with 2% than with 0.1% CO2. Higher toxicity of PHEQ to strain 276-4d grown at 2% CO2 was accompanied by strong inhibition of photosynthesis, while in low-CO2 cells this process was slightly stimulated. The SOD activity in both low- and high-CO2 cells of strain 276-4d treated with PHEQ was 2-3 times higher compared with the controls. The pattern of SOD isoforms (PAGE analysis) obtained from cells exposed to ANTQ or PHEQ did not change compared with the controls, but the location of the SOD isoforms bands on gel was affected by the concentration of CO2. The results suggest that the strain-specific toxicity of ANTQ and PHEQ may result from oxidative stress. In addition, carbon dioxide appears to play an important role in the toxicity of quinones to algae.     

Active biomonitoring of heavy metal pollution using Rosa rugosa plants

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the quality of a rural area near Faenza (Italy) by using an active biomonitoring approach, i.e., by placing homogeneous individuals of the perennial shrub Rosa rugosa in different sites throughout the area. Further sites, within the city or its environs, were used for comparison. Soil and leaves of R. rugosa were analyzed for their heavy metal content. The total heavy metal pattern of leaves closely paralleled the pattern registered in soil, with the highest content (both in total and assimilable forms) at the site in the urban area, which is exposed to heavy traffic. Pollen quality (abortiveness and viability) was also tested as a potential indicator of pollution. Pollen abortiveness was strictly related to Pb levels in leaves, while viability was inversely related to leaf Cr content. Our results suggest that R. rugosa has the potential to be a good biomonitoring system.     

Temporal variations in PAH concentrations in Quercus ilex L. (holm oak) leaves in an urban area

Temporal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in leaves of a Mediterranean evergreen oak, Quercus ilex L., were investigated in order to assess the suitability of this species to biomonitor PAH air contamination. Leaf samples were collected at six sites of the urban area of Naples (Italy) and at a control site in the Vesuvius National Park, in May and September 2001, and in January and May 2002. PAH extraction was conducted by sonication in dichloromethane-acetone and quantification by GC-MS. In winter, leaf total PAH concentrations showed, at all the urban sites, values 2-fold higher than in all the other samplings, reflecting the temporal trend reported for PAH air contamination in the Naples urban area. Moreover, leaf PAH concentrations showed, at all the urban sites, a decrease in May 2002 after the winter accumulation. At the control site leaf PAH concentrations showed lower values and smaller temporal variations than at the urban sites. The findings support the suitability of Q. ilex leaves to monitor temporal variations in PAH contamination. The highest winter concentrations of total PAHs were due to the medium molecular weight PAHs that increased with respect to both low and high molecular weight PAHs. The medium molecular weight PAHs showed the same temporal trend both at the urban and remote sites.     

The evolution of community water governance in Uchira, Tanzania: The implications for equality of access, sustainability and effectiveness

Community participation, ownership and cost sharing are key components of Tanzania's water policy, in common with the broad international consensus on water governance. However these policy goals are difficult to achieve, beset with paradoxes and their benefits may be overstated, both in terms of efficiency of resource management and equality of outcomes. This article draws on longitudinal ethnographic research of a village water supply in Tanzania to explore two issues: the contested nature of community ownership and the complex evolution of a ‘community‐owned’ institution. The evidence from the Uchira Water Users Association leads us to question some of the simplistic assumptions made concerning the capacity of local communities to manage service delivery and to balance equity and sustainability principles. The limitations of ‘bottom‐up’ and demand led approaches need to be recognised without discrediting their potential for challenging inequalities. The article concludes with a consideration of some of the tensions in community‐driven development, which raises some important questions about the role of the State and external agencies in setting and enforcing equity criteria in community‐managed initiatives.