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101.
Nuria Castell Enrique Mantilla Ariel F. Stein Rosa Salvador Millán Millán 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2011,16(6):565-576
During the central months of the year, southwestern Spain is under strong insolation and weak synoptic forcing, promoting
the development of sea breezes and mountain-induced winds and creating recirculations of pollutants. The complex topography
of the Southwestern Iberia Peninsula induces the formation of vertical layers, into which the pollutants are injected and
subjected to long-distance transport and compensatory subsidence. The characteristics of these highly complex flows have important
effects on the pollutant dispersion. Air pollution studies in very complex terrains require high-resolution modelling for
resolving the flow dynamics. This paper shows the results obtained from using the MM5-CAMx multiscale-nested air quality model
to relate the sensitivity regimes for ozone, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in an area of high geographical
complexity. The article assesses the impact on the hourly and eight-hourly maximum daily ozone concentrations of four reduction
strategies during two ozone pollution episodes. This analysis of the ozone response has led to a preliminary evaluation of
the effectiveness of the most common control strategies: traffic, industry, mixed traffic and industry, and closure of some
of the largest industries (oil and petrochemical refineries). Photochemical indicators show that ozone chemistry in southwestern
Spain is strongly sensitive to NO
x
. However, volatile organic compound-sensitive points are found in areas with anthropogenic influence (highways, cities and
industrial parks). Our results indicate that reductions in road traffic lead to ozone reductions over large areas, whereas
reductions in industrial emissions, despite sometimes showing greater decreases in the maximum hourly and eight-hourly ground-level
ozone levels, lead to ozone reductions in a local area only. In the control study case, with the oil refinery and the petrochemical
plants closed, decreases in ozone hourly concentrations are up to 40% higher than in the other emission control scenarios
studied. This analysis provides an assessment of the effectiveness of different policies for controlling precursor emissions
by comparing the modelled results for different scenarios. 相似文献
102.
Selectivity of Nano Zerovalent Iron in In Situ Chemical Reduction: Challenges and Improvements 下载免费PDF全文
Dimin Fan Denis M. O'Carroll Daniel W. Elliott Zhong Xiong Paul G. Tratnyek Richard L. Johnson Ariel Nunez Garcia 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2016,26(4):27-40
Nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) is a promising remediation technology utilizing in situ chemical reduction (ISCR) to clean up contaminated groundwater at hazardous waste sites. The small particle size and large surface area of nZVI result in high reactivity and rapid destruction of contaminants. Over the past 20 years, a great deal of research has advanced the nZVI technology from bench‐scale tests to field‐scale applications. However, to date, the overall number of well‐characterized nZVI field deployments is still small compared to other alternative remedies that are more widely applied. Apart from the relatively high material cost of nZVI and questions regarding possible nanotoxicological side effects, one of the major obstacles to the widespread utilization of nZVI in the field is its short persistence in the environment due to natural reductant demand (NRD). The NRD for nZVI is predominantly due to reduction of water, but other reactions with naturally present oxidants (e.g., oxygen) occur, resulting in situ conditions that are reducing (high in ferrous iron phases and H2) but with little or no Fe(0). This article reviews the main biogeochemical processes that determine the selectivity and longevity of nZVI, summarizes data from prior (laboratory and field) studies on the longevity of various common types of nZVI, and describes modifications of nZVI that could improve its selectivity and longevity for full‐scale applications of ISCR. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献