Three methods for quantifying proximity of air sampling sites to spatially resolved emissions of semi-volatile organic contaminants

Passive air samplers have made it possible to measure long-term average air concentrations of semi-volatile organic contaminants (SVOCs) at a large number of sampling sites. In order to use the results of such measurement networks in the derivation of empirical measures of long-range transport, a method is required that quantitatively expresses the proximity of air sampling sites to spatially distributed emissions. We propose three increasingly sophisticated tiers for quantifying proximity to emissions. The ‘static’ method assumes that a sampling site is only influenced by emission taking place in the same 1° of latitude by 1° of longitude cell in which it is located. The ‘dispersion’ method additionally accounts for the influence of emissions in neighboring cells by adding the emissions into each cell weighted by the distance between the cell’s center and the center of the cell containing the sampling site. The ‘air-shed’ method quantifies proximity to emissions by combining the emissions in each cell with the probability that air arriving at the sampling site passed through each cell. The probability is calculated for each sampling site by aggregating a large number of air mass back-trajectories. These new proximity gauges were contrasted against the remoteness index RI, which is derived from global atmospheric tracer transport modeling. The four methods were used to quantify the proximity of the sampling sites of the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) study to global Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions. The proximity gauges produce markedly different results primarily for sites located near steep gradients in population, such as occur in coastal areas or at the feet of mountain ranges. The dispersion method produces quite similar results to the air-shed method using drastically less computational power and input data, but application of the air-shed method may be necessary where winds are strongly directional.     

Testing the Potential for Predictive Modeling and Mapping and Extending Its Use as a Tool for Evaluating Management Scenarios and Economic Valuation in the Baltic Sea (PREHAB)

We evaluated performance of species distribution models for predictive mapping, and how models can be used to integrate human pressures into ecological and economic assessments. A selection of 77 biological variables (species, groups of species, and measures of biodiversity) across the Baltic Sea were modeled. Differences among methods, areas, predictor, and response variables were evaluated. Several methods successfully predicted abundance and occurrence of vegetation, invertebrates, fish, and functional aspects of biodiversity. Depth and substrate were among the most important predictors. Models incorporating water clarity were used to predict increasing cover of the brown alga bladderwrack Fucus vesiculosus and increasing reproduction area of perch Perca fluviatilis, but decreasing reproduction areas for pikeperch Sander lucioperca following successful implementation of the Baltic Sea Action Plan. Despite variability in estimated non-market benefits among countries, such changes were highly valued by citizens in the three Baltic countries investigated. We conclude that predictive models are powerful and useful tools for science-based management of the Baltic Sea.     

The economics of harem maintenance in the sac-winged bat, Saccopteryx bilineata (Emballonuridae)

Saccopteryx bilineata has a polygynous mating system in which males defend females in a harem territory. Harem defense and courtship include energetically costly flight maneuvers and hovering displays. We tested if (1) harem males have a greater field metabolic rate than non-harem males or females and if (2) the field metabolic rate of harem males is correlated with the number of females in a harem territory. We measured the energy budget in 32 S. bilineata with the doubly labeled water method and compared these estimates with behavioral observations in the daytime roost. Among adult bats, field metabolic rate varied with body mass by an exponent of approximately two. We found no significant difference in field metabolic rate or mass-specific field metabolic rate between harem and non-harem males. The mass-specific field metabolic rate of harem-males increased with harem size. The latter finding supports the hypothesis that the energy costs of courtship display and territorial defense influence the energy budget of harem males. Overall, field metabolic rates of S. bilineata were lower than those of similarly sized bats of the temperate zone and only 2.3 times above the basal metabolic rate recorded for this species. We suggest that male S. bilineata did not take advantage of their metabolic capacity because a prudent allocation of energy to activities of harem maintenance is an adaptive strategy for males in this mating system.     

The weaker points of fish acute toxicity tests and how tests on embryos can solve some issues

Fish acute toxicity tests play an important role in environmental risk assessment and hazard classification because they allow for first estimates of the relative toxicity of various chemicals in various species. However, such tests need to be carefully interpreted. Here we shortly summarize the main issues which are linked to the genetics and the condition of the test animals, the standardized test situations, the uncertainty about whether a given test species can be seen as representative to a given fish fauna, the often missing knowledge about possible interaction effects, especially with micropathogens, and statistical problems like small sample sizes and, in some cases, pseudoreplication. We suggest that multi-factorial embryo tests on ecologically relevant species solve many of these issues, and we shortly explain how such tests could be done to avoid the weaker points of fish acute toxicity tests.     

Association between biotic and abiotic parameters and the occurrence of cyanobacteria in a Brazilian reservoir

The water reservoir of Vargem das Flores, Brazil, has been subject to eutrophication problems. The occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in this water body has raised concerns regarding the presence of toxic metabolites. In order to understand the factors that promote the proliferation and distribution of cyanobacteria in the reservoir, physicochemical parameters, species composition, and toxicity of the reservoir water column were analyzed at monthly intervals over a 3-year period (2004-2007) using a range of analytical techniques. The results showed that cyanobacteria were absent in the dry period, returning after the onset of stratification. A succession pattern was observed within this group. The Aphanocapsa genus was dominant in the last rainy period of the study (October 2006 to March 2007). However toxicity was only detected when the genera Microcystis and Sphaerocavum were present (October 2005). The principal components analysis showed negative correlation between cyanobacteria and orthophosphate. The change of dominant cyanobacteria along the 3 years of study and the final prevalence of nontoxic genera in the reservoir is an evidence of water quality improvement in response to the management techniques implemented in the reservoir basin.     

Detecting and correcting sensor drifts in long-term weather data

Quality control of long-term monitoring data of thousands and millions of individual records as present in meteorological data is cumbersome. In such data series, sensor drifts, stalled values, and scale shifts may occur and potentially result in flawed conclusions if not noticed and handled properly. However, there is no established standard procedure to perform quality control of high-frequency meteorological data. In this paper, we outline a procedure to remove sensor drift in high-frequency data series using the example of 15-year-long sets of hourly relative humidity (RH) data from 28 stations subdivided into 202 individual sensor operation periods. The procedure involves basic quality control, relative homogeneity testing, and drift removal. Significant sensor drifts were observed in 40.6 % of all sensor operation periods. The drifts varied between data series and depended in a complex, usually inconsistent way on absolute RH values; within single series for instance, a drift could be negative in the lower RH range and positive in the upper RH range. Detrending changed RH values by, on average, 1.96 %. For one fifth of the detrended data, adjustments were 2.75 % and more of the measured value, and in one tenth 4.75 % and more. Overall, drifts were strongest for RH values close to 100 %. The detrending procedure proved to effectively remove sensor drifts. The principles of the procedure also apply to other meteorological parameters and more generally to any time series of data for which comparable reference data are available.     

Determination of O3, NO2, SO2, CO and PM10 measured in Belgrade urban area

O(3), NO(2), SO(2), CO and PM(10) concentrations, simultaneously determined for the first time in Belgrade urban area in the autumnal period of 2005, are presented. The obtained results display similar behaviour of SO(2), NO(2), CO, PM(10) opposite from that of O(3). The weekend effect was also investigated showing diminution of average daily concentrations of SO(2), NO(2), PM(10) and CO for 72, 40, 37 and 42% respectively, and increase of the average daily concentration of O(3) for 56%. Influence of meteorological conditions on observed concentration levels was studied, too. The observed influence of wind speed on the O(3) nightly concentration levels was analyzed pointing to the phenomena of O(3) transport during episodic measurements. To make an identification of possible pollution sources and analyse the influence of meteorological parameters on pollution levels, air back trajectories for high level concentrations episodes were calculated and analysed. A multivariate receptor modelling (Principal Component Analysis, Cluster Analysis) has been applied to a set of data in order to determine the contribution of different sources. It was found that the main principal components, extracted from the air pollution data, were related to gasoline combustion, oil combustion and ozone transport.     

A&WMA Honors Five Individuate and One Company In 1989 Awards Program

A repository of 39 and 34 gaseous organic compounds in compressed gas cylinders at PPM (5 to 700) and PPB levels (1 to 10,000) respectively has been established by EPA for use in performance audits. In this program, to ensure that the concentration of each gas standard has not changed, each standard is periodically analyzed for stability. The gas mixtures were initially analyzed once or twice by the manufacturer before shipment to Research Triangle Institute (RTI). The gas mixtures were then analyzed at RTI upon receipt from the gas manufacturer and then reanalyzed at 2, 6 and 12 months, and annually thereafter, to determine any change in concentration.

An examination of the stability data shows that concentrations for all the organics tested usually varied by less than 10 percent over a period of several years. Ethylene oxide and propylene oxide and trans 1, 4-dichloro-2-butene below the 10 ppb level have been found to be unstable. Six other compounds at the PPM level (aniline, cyclohexanone, p-dichlorobenzene, ethylamine 1, 2-dibromoethylene, and formaldehyde) have been found to be unstable in compressed gas cylinders.     

Influence of ionic strength and pH on the limitation of latex microsphere deposition sites on iron-oxide coated sand by humic acid

This study, for the first time, investigates and quantifies the influence of slight changes in solution pH and ionic strength (IS) on colloidal microsphere deposition site coverage by Suwannee River Humic Acid (SRHA) in a column matrix packed with saturated iron-oxide coated sand.Triple pulse experimental (TPE) results show adsorbed SRHA enhances microsphere mobility more at higher pH and lower IS and covers more sites than at higher IS and lower pH. Random sequential adsorption (RSA) modelling of experimental data suggests 1 μg of adsorbed SRHA occupied 9.28 ± 0.03 × 10⁹ sites at pH7.6 and IS of 1.6 mMol but covered 2.75 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ sites at pH6.3 and IS of 20 mMol. Experimental responses are suspected to arise from molecular conformation changes whereby SRHA extends more at higher pH and lower ionic strength but is more compact at lower pH and higher IS. Results suggest effects of pH and IS on regulating SRHA conformation were additive.     

BETR global--a geographically-explicit global-scale multimedia contaminant fate model

We present two new software implementations of the BETR Global multimedia contaminant fate model. The model uses steady-state or non-steady-state mass-balance calculations to describe the fate and transport of persistent organic pollutants using a desktop computer. The global environment is described using a database of long-term average monthly conditions on a 15° × 15° grid. We demonstrate BETR Global by modeling the global sources, transport, and removal of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5).