Adult opinions about the age at which children can be left home alone, bathe alone, or bike alone: Second Injury Control and Risk Survey (ICARIS-2)

ProblemThis study describes adult opinions about child supervision during various activities.MethodsData come from a survey of U.S. adults. Respondents were asked the minimum age a child could safely: stay home alone; bathe alone; or ride a bike alone. Respondents with children were asked if their child had ever been allowed to: play outside alone; play in a room at home for more than 10 minutes alone; bathe with another child; or bathe alone.ResultsThe mean age that adults believed a child could be home alone was 13.0 years (95% CI = 12.9-13.1), bathe alone was 7.5 years (95% CI = 7.4-7.6), or bike alone was 10.1 years (95% CI = 10.0-10.3). There were significant differences by income, education, and race.DiscussionAssessing adult's understanding of the appropriate age for independent action helps set a context for providing guidance on parental supervision. Guidelines for parents should acknowledge social norms and child development stages.Impact on IndustryKnowledge of social norms can help guide injury prevention messages for parents.     

养老服务需求现状及发展趋势--基于长沙市的实证分析

当前我国人口老龄化形势日益严峻,养老服务难题日趋尖锐,加强社会养老服务体系建设的任务迫在眉睫。本研究以长沙市为调查样本,从结果看,老年人对经济供养需求仍是重点,日常照料、精神慰藉及医疗护理的需求还在增加。为应对养老服务需求持续增长的发展趋势,应建立健全养老服务体系,建立长效机制,加强机构能力建设,完善社区养老服务等。     

稳定型UiO-66-(COOH)2对Cs+的有效吸附

采用水浴法合成了具有孔道结构、高稳定性和多活性位点的固体吸附材料UiO-66-(COOH)₂.通过考察接触时间、温度、起始浓度、干扰离子等因素，评估了UiO-66-(COOH)₂对放射性铯离子(Cs⁺)的吸附性能.试验表明，吸附过程遵循二级动力学和Langmuir吸附等温线模型，在313 K条件下，最佳吸附容量和去除率分别达到90 mg·g^-1和60%.结构表征验证了吸附过程是在Cs⁺与有机连接体中羧酸根的质子交换以及与金属节点的离子交换的共同作用下进行的.值得注意的是，材料吸附Cs⁺后仍能保持其化学和热稳定性；同时，在钠和钾干扰离子共存时，UiO-66-(COOH)₂对Cs⁺仍表现出较高的选择性(S_Cs/M=5)和去除效率(58%).本文的研究结果可为用于核废水处理、放射性污染和放射性同位素回收的新型材料的设计提供重要参考与借鉴.     

可燃制冷剂空调用开关元件点燃危险及防爆试验分析

随着全球范围对环境问题的日益重视,R290,R32等新型制冷剂因优良的环保性能和节能效果被广泛应用于空调行业,但其属于IIA级爆炸性气体,为了进一步分析其运行过程中的防爆安全性能。通过文献数据和测试分析,可燃制冷剂空调电气元件的点燃源主要来自其工作过程中产生的电气火花。其中空调开关元件最容易产生电火花、电弧,且通过试验验证这些火花或电弧能点爆（6.5±0.5）%乙烯/空气混合物。综合IEC 60335-2-40,GB 4706.32标准要求和空调开关元件的结构特征,分析确定其应符合“nC”型防爆技术要求,并能通过“nC”型爆炸试验。针对开关元件结构尺寸小、存在爆炸试验中爆炸性混合气体多次置换和负载通、断电操作的难点问题,提出一套合理可行的爆炸试验实施方案,并通过测试应用得到验证。     

大学生诚信状况的分析及思考

诚信是公民道德建设最基本的规范之一．当然，更应当是青年学生思想道德建设的重点．当前，大学生诚信状况的主要问题是诚信道德的认知和行为存在着明显的差异，针对这种状况，采取相应措施，加强大学生诚信道德能力培养，注重诚信制度，优化诚信环境，实施对大学生诚信道德教育是当前高校的教育重点．     

淀山湖上覆水与沉积物孔隙水中重金属的分布特征

研究了淀山湖上覆水和沉积物孔隙水中Pb ,Cd,Cr,Cu ,Fe和Mn的浓度及Eh 分布 ,分析了孔隙水中重金属的扩散通量 .结果表明 ,淀山湖中重金属的浓度由高到低依次为 :Mn >Fe >Cr,Cu ,Pb >Cd ;Fe和Mn在孔隙水中的浓度远远大于它们在上覆水中的浓度 ,表层沉积物孔隙水中Pb ,Cd ,Cr,Cu的浓度稍大于它们在上覆水中的浓度 ;沉积物中的重金属可能按照浓度梯度经孔隙水从沉积物向上覆水中扩散而最终影响上覆水的水质     

Bioaccessibility of arsenic in soils developed over Jurassic ironstones in eastern England

Jurassic ironstones outcropping over parts of eastern England give rise to soils with arsenic concentrations in excess of the UK soil guideline value of 20 mg kg⁻¹ for residential areas. Total arsenic concentrations were determined for 73 ironstone derived soils and bioaccessible arsenic determined using an in vitro physiologically based extraction test. The bioaccessible arsenic concentration for these soils was found to be well below the soil guideline value with a mean concentration of 4 mg kg⁻¹ and a range of 2–17 mg kg⁻¹. The bioaccessible fraction ranges from 1.2 to 33%. Data from a sequential extraction test based on the use of aqua regia as the main extractant is presented for a subset of 20 of the soils. Chemometric data reduction is used to demonstrate that the bioaccessible arsenic is mainly contained within calcium iron carbonate (sideritic) assemblages and only partially iron aluminosilicates, probably berthierine, and iron oxyhydroxide phases, probably goethite. It is suggested that the bulk of the non-bioaccessible arsenic is bound up with less reactive iron oxide phases.     

Developmental arrest in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos exposed to sublethal concentrations of atrazine and arsenic trioxide

Embryos of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were exposed to serial concentrations of atrazine (0, 25, 50, and 100 ppm) and arsenic trioxide (0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 ppm) until hatching. Stasis of circulation, blood islands, titanic convulsions, tube heart and mortality were observed in atrazine-treated embryos. Each endpoint exhibited a concentration-response relationship. Only 4% of the embryos hatched in the 25 ppm, and none in the 50 and 100 ppm, probably due to cell death attributed to the embryos' inability to break from the chorion. With arsenic exposure, hatching was inversely correlated to chemical concentration: 86%, 75% and 54% for 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 ppm, respectively. Hatching periods were also reduced from 7-13 days in controls to 7-11 days in arsenic-treated embryos. This observation was more pronounced with the 0.05 ppm concentration, showing a reduction of about 4 days. Despite this shortage in hatching time, there were no observable morphological abnormalities, as seen with atrazine. The ecological significance of these findings and implications for the development of sublethal toxicity tests using Japanese medaka embryos are important.     

无硫酸银法与标准法测COD的方法对比

化学耗氧量(COD)是评价水质污染程度的重要指标之一 ，是地面水、工业废水监测的必测项目。目前我国均以重铬酸钾回流法作为测定COD的标准 方法，此法准确可靠，但由于回流时间较长，很难安全满足当前环境监测及时、快捷的需要 。为此，本文对磷酸(具有分散作用，作催化剂)代替硫酸银催化法测COD与标准法测COD的精 密度、准确度、相关性等进行了探讨。1 实验部分1.1 主要仪器a.酸式滴定管(25.00ml)；b.回流装置。1.2 试剂a.重铬酸钾标准溶液(1/6K2Cr2O7=0.2500mol/L) 称取预先在120℃烘2h的基准重铬酸钾12.2 580g溶于水中，稀释至100…     

示波极谱法测定地面水中的钒

应用钒（ Ｖ） ５ Ｂｒ Ｐ Ａ Ｄ Ａ Ｐ Ｈ２ Ｏ２ 体 系产生的 络合极 谱波对地 面水中 的钒 进行 了测 定，并 讨论了测试 条件。钒 浓度在 ００１ ～２２５ μｇ／２５ ｍ Ｌ 范围 内极谱 电流与钒 含量呈线 性关系 ，本法具有 较高的选择 性和灵 敏度，测定 地面水 中的钒结 果令人 满意