陇南长江流域经济发展和生态重建战略研究

陇南长江流域大多地处嘉陵江上游的源头地区,是一个资源较为富集但经济相对落后、生态环境脆弱且人口压力较大的丘陵山区。本文从可持续发展的角度出发,着眼世纪之交摆脱贫困与奔向小康转换时期经济发展和生态重建的协调演进,提出产业结构调整的基本思路是立足山区优势发展特色农业,市场配置资源、培植支柱工业,商贸、旅游并举、突出第三产业、强化基础设计、增强发展后劲;空间结构重组的战略构想是重点发展东部经８济重心区、     

湘江干流水环境质量演变特征及其关键因素定量识别

为科学有效地保护湘江流域水环境,定量识别湘江干流主要水质指标的驱动因素,该研究基于1990~2016年水质监测数据及沿岸永州 长沙五市社会经济发展指标,采用Mann-Kendall检验法分析湘江干流水环境演变趋势,通过逐步回归分析确定各地区各水质指标主要驱动因素。结果表明：湘江干流COD_Mn、Cd、As整体呈下降趋势,上游BOD₅呈下降趋势,上中游NH₃-N呈上升趋势,中游衡阳、株洲市重金属Cr⁶⁺呈上升趋势,衡阳市TP呈上升趋势,中下游BOD₅呈上升趋势;定量追溯各水质指标影响因素得出工业污染是湘江干流重金属As、Cr⁶⁺、Cd主要驱动因素,永衡株潭地区NH₃-N,衡阳市BOD₅、COD_Mn、TP及衡株潭地区BOD₅均以农业污染影响为主;发现产业结构调整对干流水环境有显著影响,建议在流域产业结构调整过程中加强转型升级。     

野生动物冲突中个体特征、事件严重性及救援效果对心理创伤的影响研究

随着党的十九大提出加大生态系统保护力度,构建生态廊道和生物多样性保护网络,我国野生动物种群数量不断增加,野生动物冲突的频次和范围逐渐增大。野生动物冲突带来的心理创伤已成为影响人与野生动物和谐相处的重要难题。在心理创伤相关理论基础上,运用交叉分析、因子分析、次序logistic回归模型分析了野生动物冲突事件受害个体心理创伤的影响因素,得到如下结论：(1)野生动物冲突事件中女性、老年人、受教育程度低、健康状况差、经济实力弱的个体更容易发生心理创伤;(2)随着受害者经济实力的提高,野生动物冲突的心理创伤程度显著降低;(3)野生动物冲突事件越严重,其造成的心理创伤程度显著增加;(4)野生动物冲突救援补偿措施效果越好,越能缓解受害者的心理创伤。最后借此提出：(1)对重点对象进行灾后心理干预;(2)增强受灾者的经济实力;(3)建立野生动物冲突预防和应急管理机制;(4)完善野生动物冲突补偿措施等政策建议。     

清水冲涮对向家坝以下金沙江河床及岸线资源的影响

随着金沙江下游梯级水电开发的蓬勃开展,清水下泄对下游河床及岸线的影响问题逐渐显露。通过实地观测,走访及清水下泄前后政府和民间数据、影像资料等对比分析,探讨问题的根源和避免问题严重化途径,为共抓长江大保护,为修复长江生态环境提供参考依据。结果发现:清水下泄对向家坝水电站坝址以下金沙江段部分河床及岸线资源造成了较为明显的影响。如该江段原来常见的砂滩、砾石滩除杨湾码头仅存一个沙岛外,其余全部消失;无防护设施的河段(如火焰村小岸组、火焰组和新桥组,豆坝村的马槽、娱乐、黄泥、丰收、中心三组,普安镇的13、12、7、5、4、3、2、1组,西郊街道白石社区新村组)受顶冲作用导致一半以上河漫滩地流失甚至引起滩岸坍塌;白家滩大堤一处坝垛根石将被掏蚀殆尽。此外,水富港三期扩能工程因侵占河道和开挖船池,进一步加剧了对四川安边镇小岸坝的不利影响。严重的下蚀侧蚀导致该江段同期水位明显下降,也对岸线两侧的居民生产生活带来安全隐患。相关各方对区域的特殊性及水电站修建造成的影响存在认识不足,各自的发展、利益和环境保护需求之间的矛盾等是问题产生的根本原因,问题出现后又缺少有效的沟通机制等。     

油气勘探开发建设项目环境影响评价管理探讨

油气勘探开发建设项目存在滚动开发的特点,在近年来的环境影响评价管理实践中引发较多矛盾。文章分析了目前油气勘探开发建设项目环评管理中存在的环评要求不清晰、分类管理需细化、审查尺度不统一等问题,并从界定建设项目类型、明确环评开展时间和要求、明确环评文件编制类型、界定项目重大变更四个方面提出了改进油气项目环评管理的建议。     

Simultaneous determination of estrogenic odorant alkylphenols,chlorophenols, and their derivatives in water using online headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A simple online headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed for simultaneous determination of trace amounts of nine estrogenic odorant alkylphenols and chlorophenols and their derivatives in water samples. The extraction conditions of HS-SPME were optimized including fiber selection, extraction temperature, extraction time, and salt concentration. Results showed that divinylbenzene/Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber was the most appropriate one among the three selected commercial fibers, and the optimal extraction temperature, time, and salt concentration were 70 °C, 30 min, and 0.25 g/mL, respectively. The developed method was validated and showed good linearity (R ²?>?0.989), low limit of detection (LOD, 0.002–0.5 μg/L), and excellent recoveries (76–126 %) with low relative standard deviation (RSD, 0.7–12.9 %). The developed method was finally applied to two surface water samples and some of these target compounds were detected. All these detected compounds were below their odor thresholds, except for 2,4,6-TCAS and 2,4,6-TBAS wherein their concentrations were near their odor thresholds. However, in the two surface water samples, these detected compounds contributed to a certain amount of estrogenicity, which seemed to suggest that more attention should be paid to the issue of estrogenicity rather than to the odor problem.     

Regulatory effects of dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like PCBs and other AhR ligands on the antioxidant enzymes paraoxonase 1/2/3

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), an antioxidant enzyme, is believed to play a critical role in many diseases, including cancer. PCBs are widespread environmental contaminants known to induce oxidative stress and cancer and to produce changes in gene expression of various pro-oxidant and antioxidant enzymes. Thus, it appeared of interest to explore whether PCBs may modulate the activity and/or gene expression of PON1 as well. In this study, we compared the effects of dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like PCBs and of various aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands on PON1 regulation and activity in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Our results demonstrate that (i) the non-dioxin-like PCB154, PCB155, and PCB184 significantly reduced liver and serum PON1 activities, but only in male rats; (ii) the non-dioxin-like PCB153, the most abundant PCB in many matrices, did not affect PON1 messenger RNA (mRNA) level in the liver but significantly decreased serum PON1 activity in male rats; (iii) PCB126, an AhR ligand and dioxin-like PCB, increased both PON1 activities and gene expression; and (iv) even though three tested AhR ligands induced CYP1A in several tissues to a similar extent, they displayed differential effects on the three PONs and AhR, i.e., PCB126 was an efficacious inducer of PON1, PON2, PON3, and AhR in the liver, while 3-methylcholantrene induced liver AhR and lung PON3, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most potent AhR agonist, increased only PON3 in the lung, at the doses and exposure times used in these studies. These results show that PCBs may have an effect on the antioxidant protection by paraoxonases in exposed populations and that regulation of gene expression through AhR is highly diverse.     

基于效果-效率-适应性的养殖废弃物资源化利用管理模式评价框架构建及初步应用

由于产业发展正处于转型阶段,我国畜禽养殖污染治理中的管理问题比技术问题更加突出,选择适宜的组织管理模式尤其重要。融合了效果分析、效率评价和适应性分析,尝试构建一个养殖废弃物资源化利用管理模式综合评价框架,并选择太湖流域4个不同类型的典型案例进行方法例证。研究表明,传统的养殖企业主导型管理模式应用于小型、分散养殖废弃物资源化利用时面临着经济效率低、适应性差难题;农村废弃物处理中心、种植企业和有机肥企业的参与可以改善小型、分散养殖废弃物资源化利用的经济效率;综合考虑效果、效率与适应性,种植企业、有机肥企业主导型模式的适宜推广范围更广。应根据不同地区种植-养殖产业关系、污染治理需求、经济发展水平与政府投入能力等,灵活组合应用不同管理模式。     

盐效萃取法从电子产品清洗废液中回收异丙醇

用盐效萃取法从电子产品清洗废液中回收片丙醇,考察了碳酸钾水溶液与该清洗废液的质量比对脱水率的影响,测定了异丙醇-水-碳酸钾体系存40℃时的液液相平衡数据,用Pitzer理论和NRTL方程对液液相平衡数据进行了理论计算。结果表明：当质量分数为60．00％的碳酸钾水溶液与该废液的质晕比为2．00时,脱水率高达90．00％;将有机相进行精馏可得到质量分数为99．50％的异丙醇;计算值与实测值接近,水相和有机相的绝对平均偏差分别为0．62％和0．46％。     

青藏高原生活污水处理及回用的工艺研究

在高寒缺氧的青藏高原如何对生活污水进行有效的处理,目前仍无好的解决方案。实验采用的生态大棚系统可在青藏高原的恶劣环境下提供适宜的人工小环境,保证生物处理正常运行所必需的热平衡、O2-CO2的循环平衡和水循环的平衡。采用的好氧生物-土地处理工艺不仅能保证污水处理达到国家一级排放标准,同时还解决了长期以来高原蔬菜种植的难题。