Modeling of acute cadmium toxicity in solution to barley root elongation using biotic ligand model theory

Protons（H⁺）as well as different major and trace elements may inhibit cadmium（Cd）uptake in aquatic organisms and thus alleviate Cd toxicity.However,little is known about such interactions in soil organisms.In this study,the independent effects of the cations calcium(Ca²⁺),magnesium(Mg²⁺),potassium（K⁺）,H+and zinc(Zn²⁺)on Cd toxicity were investigated with 5-day long barley root elongation tests in nutrient solutions.The tested concentrations of selected cations and trace metal ions were based on the ranges that occur naturally in soil pore water.The toxicity of Cd decreased with increasing activity of Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,H⁺and Zn²⁺,but not K⁺.Accordingly,conditional binding constants were obtained for the binding of Cd²⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,H⁺,and Zn²⁺ with the binding ligand:log K_CdBL5.19,logK_CaBL2.87,logK_MgBL2.98,logK_HBL5.13 and logK_ZnBL5.42,respectively.Furthermore,it was calculated that on average 29% of the biotic ligand sites needed to be occupied by Cd to induce a 50% decrease in root elongation.Using the estimated constants,a biotic ligand model was successfully developed to predict the Cd toxicity to barley root elongation as a function of solution characteristics.The feasibility and accuracy of its application for predicting Cd toxicity in soils were discussed.     

铬-菲复合污染土壤的电动修复效果

为了解决常规电动修复方法对土壤重金属-有机物复合污染去除效率低的问题,采用向电解液中添加表面活性剂以及控制阴极电解液为酸性的电动强化修复技术,以Cr和菲为代表性污染物,研究电压和表面活性剂〔TritonX-100(曲拉通100)、SDBS(十二烷基苯磺酸钠)〕以及阴极电解液pH对修复效果的影响. 结果表明:Cr(Ⅵ)以阴离子团形式呈现向阳极迁移的趋势,菲呈现向阴极迁移的趋势;随着施加电压的升高,污染物去除率也会相应提高,当电压梯度升至1.0 V/cm时,Cr(T)、Cr(Ⅵ)、菲的去除率分别达到34.3%、76.9%、12.7%. 在电压梯度为1 V/cm的条件下,控制阴极电解液pH为4.00时,Cr(T)、Cr(Ⅵ)、菲的去除率分别升至45.1%、84.8%、23.1%;向电解液中添加表面活性剂后能提高污染物的去除率,其中,添加SDBS能够将Cr-菲复合污染土壤中Cr(T)、Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率由34.3%、76.9%升至39.9%、82.0%,添加TritonX-100能够将有机物菲的去除率由12.7%升至27.0%. 研究显示,修复处理后污染物浓度均有不同程度的降低,充分表明电动处理时提高修复电压、添加表面活性剂以及控制阴极电解液的酸碱性可以明显促进污染物在土壤中的迁移.      

基于模糊综合评判法的区域斜坡稳定性评价——以普格县城某区域为例

斜坡的变形破坏会演变为崩塌落石、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害,潜在威胁极大,一旦忽视将造成不可挽回的生命财产损失。结合高分辨率Worldview2卫星影像,对普格县城某区域内的63个斜坡进行了详细调查;统计分析了斜坡坡度、地层岩性、斜坡结构具有的特征规律;采用模糊综合评判法,分别选取影响岩质和土质斜坡稳定性的9个稳定性评价因子,采用专家咨询法对每个因子分配权重、分级赋值,将斜坡稳定性划分为稳定性好、稳定性较好、稳定性较差、稳定性差4个等级,对63个不稳定斜坡的稳定性进行了评价,并依据评价结果绘制了研究区斜坡稳定性分区图,总结了区域斜坡稳定性分布规律。该评价结果能够及早为地方国土部门、公路管理部门提供判断结果,为山区城镇的发展规划和建设用地提供参考和建议。     

飞机防火试验中的燃烧反应动力学模型研究

使用反应路径分析法对Jet-A型航空煤油燃烧的气相燃烧机理进行简化。选用POSF-4658机理作为Jet-A燃烧的详细反应机理,该机理包含1607种燃烧组分、6633个基元反应机理。将飞机防火试验条件作为简化过程的初始条件,得到78种组分,196个反应机理的Jet-A燃烧机理。通过对Jet-A的简化反应机理、详细反应机理和JetA实验数据的比较可以发现,简化反应机理可以较准确地反映Jet-A型航空煤油在防火试验条件下的燃烧特性。利用常用的Jet-A型航空煤油简化机理计算的绝热火焰温度、点火延迟时间及层流火焰速度与本文提出的简化的计算值进行比较。结果表明,提出的简化机理在防火试验条件下具有较高的精确度。得到的Jet-A简化反应机理可为飞机防火试验的仿真研究提供燃烧场的化学反应动力学模型。     

强化曝气对潜流人工湿地堵塞物分布规律的影响

构建曝气及未曝气潜流人工湿地小试实验系统,研究曝气对人工湿地堵塞物组分及分布规律的影响.结果表明:两系统中堵塞物组成均以无机物为主,曝气对堵塞物累积总量影响不大,但对堵塞物化学组分影响较大,使堵塞物中有机物组分比例降低.未曝气及曝气系统堵塞物平均累积量分别为5.18 mg·g~(-1)及5.21 mg·g~(-1),有机物所占比例分别为28.4%和15.6%.曝气对堵塞物在水平及深度方向的分布影响不大,两系统均表现为底层累积物含量略高于表层,出水端累积物含量略高于进水端.电镜及能谱分析结果显示,受溶解氧因素的影响,两系统中表层填料元素种类均较底层丰富,且曝气系统较未曝气系统丰富.     

污泥厌氧发酵产酸关键影响因素的函数模型研究

本研究以城市剩余污泥预处理液作为底物,调节底物不同C/N比,测定了厌氧发酵过程中几种关键酶的酶活及发酵产物乙酸、丙酸及丁酸的浓度.同时,利用Matlab软件通过回归分析和函数拟合构建了C/N比-关键酶活-酸产量之间的多项式函数模型,发现所建立的二元三次多项式模型的拟合优度R2均大于0.9,且残差平方和较小,因此,判定二元三次多项式更适合描述C/N比-关键酶活-酸产量的数学关系.最后,建立了关键酶活、C/N比和产酸量三因素间的曲面模型,发现该模型能够很好地描述污泥厌氧发酵中C/N比条件对关键酶和产酸类型的影响,并能进一步预测C/N比所对应的酶活和产酸发酵类型,可为今后的实验研究及工程放大提供理论参考.     

Accumulation and transportation of copper in different ecotypes of Leersia hexandra Swartz

ABSTRACT

This study used hydroponics with different copper (Cu) concentrations to assess metal accumulation and growth in two different populations of Leersia hexandra Swartz, one obtained from a contaminated area (CP) and the other from a non-contaminated area (NCP). Data demonstrated that Cu exerted a lesser effect on the biomass of CP than NCP. The root and shoot biomass measurements of CP were significantly higher than those noted at NCP. Copper concentration in the tissues of L. hexandra from CP increased markedly correlated with the concentration of metal in the culture solution, and this trend was stronger than that in NCP. Copper concentrations in roots and shoots were significantly higher in CP than NCP. As Cu stress levels in the culture solution rose, the transport coefficient of both populations decreased. Furthermore, the coefficient of CP was significantly higher than NCP. At a Cu concentration of 38.4 mg/L, the transfer factor value of CP is 40% higher than NCP. In summary, CP showed higher accumulation and resistance to Cu compared with NCP.     

建筑节能改造中内保温构造技术的应用

对建设年代较早的既有建筑进行节能改造是建筑节能工作的一项重要内容,基于建筑围护结构内、外保温构造做法的适用条件和热工效果,以河南开封地区既有多层住宅建筑为例,通过保温隔热节能构造方案对比分析,对冬季采用间歇式供暖和夏季使用空调降温的寒冷地区既有多层住宅建筑墙体外围护结构来讲,内保温构造做法是相对节能的优化方案。在建立热工学计算模型的基础上,提出围护结构内保温构造技术的具体做法,并对改造后的节能效果进行了量化评价,其节能效果显著。为了防止墙体围护结构内部产生冷凝,保证墙体在使用过程中具有良好的保温隔热及节能效果,围护结构需设置隔汽层,并辅以装饰保温隔热材料做室内吊顶的节能改造措施,以最大程度地获得建筑节能改造效果。     

基于生命周期评价法的条斑紫菜养殖加工产业碳足迹分析

应用生命周期评价法（LCA）对条斑紫菜养殖加工行业进行了全周期的碳足迹分析，明确了各环节中碳排放源的种类和数量。结果表明，100亩条斑紫菜养殖加工过程中碳排放总量为1.25×10⁵~2.47×10⁵ kg CO₂，远高于条斑紫菜100亩养殖形成的可移出碳汇量（9.43×10³ kg CO₂）。基于全产业链的分析，条斑紫菜产业尚不是一个碳汇产业。养殖阶段碳排放量最大，排放源主要来自石油化工材料的大量使用。二次加工阶段碳排放量仅次于养殖阶段，排放源主要来自纸壳包装和塑料包装的大量使用。在一次加工阶段，热源的使用是影响该阶段碳排放的主要影响因素，生物质燃料是碳排放量最低的热源形式。     

Development of multi-criteria decision making model for remanufacturing technology portfolio selection

Remanufacturing represents a business opportunity and in many cases a means to promote environmental sustainability. To help enterprises economically and effectively implement remanufacturing, a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) model for selecting remanufacturing technology is developed. The model considers remanufacturing technology portfolios. The enterprise benefits associated with each portfolio, including economic and environmental benefits, are evaluated using six main criteria: cost, quality, time, service, resource consumption, and environmental impact. In addition, the synergies among the different types of technologies for each remanufacturing technology portfolio are also considered. The pair-wise comparison approach of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is employed for remanufacturing technology portfolio selection. An illustrative example is provided to lend insights into the application of this methodology.