WRF模式最优参数化方案在不同空气质量模式的应用

精准的气象场和适用的空气质量模式是优化大气污染模拟的重要途径.为提升四川盆地冬季大气污染模拟效果,利用WRF模式25组参数化方案组合,进行气象场模拟试验,基于最优方案数据,以四川盆地某大型钢铁厂为例,分别驱动AERMOD模式和CALPUFF模式,通过研究区域4个国控站数据对模拟结果进行对比验证.结果表明,WRF模式参数化方案选取对地面风场、高空风场和地面湿度场模拟效果影响较大,对地面温度场、高空温度场和高空湿度场模拟效果影响较小,SLAB陆面过程方案、 Dudhia短波辐射方案分别与YSU、 ACM2、 BouLac和MRF边界层方案的组合,均能较好地模拟四川盆地冬季地面风场、温度场和湿度场的变化趋势,结合高空风温湿统计参数综合分析可知,第1组方案适用于达州气象场模拟,第13组和第17组方案分别适用于成都白天和夜间时段气象场模拟.CALPUFF模拟结果与监测值的相关性整体优于AERMOD,从站点角度分析,CALPUFF在国控站3号的模拟效果相较AERMOD提升较大,在国控站2号的模拟效果提升较小,从大气污染物角度分析,4个国控站CALPUFF对NO_x和PM     

碳纤维含量对球形非金属阻隔防爆材料防爆性能的影响

在临界起爆能和高起爆能条件下,对装填碳纤维含量分别为6.5%、8.0%、9.5%和 11.0%球形非金属阻隔防爆材料的油箱进行等效静爆试验,探究球形非金属阻隔防爆材 料中碳纤维含量对其防爆性能的影响。利用红外热成像仪、高速摄像机分别记录油箱爆 炸火球的温度场参数及爆炸过程,并与未填装阻隔防爆材料的油箱进行对比。试验结果 表明:在临界起爆能条件下,装填4种材料的油箱均有一定阻燃防爆效果,油箱爆炸产 生的燃料云团面积有依次减小的趋势;在高起爆能量条件下,4种材料的外场防爆性能 分数分别为16.93、22.04、32.51、94.18,材料的防爆能力随着碳纤维含量的增加而增 强。     

微波催化燃烧技术处理印刷包装行业VOCs

微波催化燃烧技术将微波辐照与吸波型催化剂相结合,可用于对挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)进行催化燃烧处置.研制了 Pt/CuMnCeOx/堇青石和Pt/CuMnCeOx/纳米陶瓷整体式蜂窝状催化剂,并开发了微波催化燃烧VOCs的装置,将其应用于印刷包装行业的VOCs治理.通过操作条件的优化,考察了微波催化燃烧技术对VOCs...     

Factors Determining the Choice of Hunting and Trading Bushmeat in the Kilombero Valley,Tanzania

Regulation of illegal bushmeat trade is a major conservation challenge in Africa. We investigated what factors are most likely to induce actors in the bushmeat trade to shift to an alternative occupation by conducting a choice experiment with 325 actors in the bushmeat trade in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. Specifically, we asked respondents to choose between hunting or trading bushmeat and alternative salary‐paying work, in a set of hypothetical scenarios where the attributes of these alternatives were varied and included measures of command and control, price of substitute meat, daily salary in the work option, and whether or not cows were donated to the respondent. We modeled the choice contingent on socioeconomic characteristics. The magnitude of fines and patrolling frequency had a significant but very low negative effect on the probability of choosing to engage in hunting or trading bushmeat compared with the salary of an alternative occupation. Donation of livestock and the price of substitute meats in the local market both affected the choice significantly in a negative and a positive direction, respectively. The wealthier a household was the more likely the respondent was to choose to continue hunting or trading bushmeat. On the margin, our results suggest that given current conditions in the Kilombero Valley on any given day 90% of the respondents would choose salary work at US$3.37/day over their activities in the bushmeat trade, all else equal. Factores que Determinan la Elección de Cazar y Vender Carne de Caza en el Valle Kilombero, Tanzania     

Evaluation of Biogas Yield of Selected Ratios of Cattle,Swine, and Poultry Wastes

Production of biogas from animal wastes could lessen the problems of energy shortage and indiscriminate animal waste disposal. A study of anaerobic digestion of selected ratios of cattle, swine, and poultry wastes was carried out to evaluate their biogas yields. Cattle (C), swine (S), and poultry (P) wastes were mixed as C:S:P in the following ratios: 1:0:0 (control), 1:0:1, 4:1:3, 2:1:1, 4:3:1, and 1:1:0 by mass to obtain six samples of of 0.4 kg each, referred to as samples 1 to 6 respectively. A quantity (0.1 kg) of inoculum (obtained by pre-fermenting equal masses of poultry waste and water for 50 days under anaerobic condition) and 0.5 kg of water were added to each of the samples. The resulting slurries were digested in triplicates for 30 days in 1.3 L laboratory-scale anaerobic digesters. The volume of biogas produced was obtained by downward displacement of water in a measuring cylinder. The cumulative biogas yields of samples 1 to 6 were 332.5, 497.5, 487.5, 467.5, 457.5, and 430.0 cm³/kg slurry respectively. The cumulative biogas yields of samples 2 and 3 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of the other samples but not significantly (p > 0.05) different from each other. However, the cumulative biogas yield of sample 1 was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those of the other samples. The study revealed that a blend of equal masses of cattle and poultry wastes is optimum for biogas production.     

城市污染河流水质原位综合净化技术

针对我国城市河流水质污染普遍严重,河道截污不彻底的现状,开发了污染水体就地综合净化方法,利用水闸形成一定深度的水体,在其中安装曝气机、生物膜并投加特效菌种。为了考查其处理效果,在福田河进行了现场试验,试验段长420 m,河底宽7~15 m,平均水深1.85 m,总容积为8 500 m3。试验运行3个月,进水平均CODC r,BOD5,NH4+-N,TN,TP及SS分别为88.4 mg/L,62.0 mg/L,6.4 mg/L,8.2 mg/L,0.8 mg/L和17.0 mg/L,出水分别为28.9 mg/L,7.6 mg/L,4.2 mg/L,5.9mg/L,0.4 mg/L和10.0 mg/L,CODC r,BOD5,NH4+-N,TN,TP及SS的去除率分别为67.4%,87.7%,34.3%,30.3%,53.3%和39.7%,河道中溶解氧及透明度分别由原水的0.9 mg/L和12.5 cm提高至7.6 mg/L和137.5 cm。     

草甘膦和铅联合暴露对入侵蓝藻—拟柱孢藻（Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii）联合毒性评价

为探究农药和重金属对拟柱孢藻（Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii）的联合毒性效应, 本试验研究了草甘膦和铅单一及联合暴露对其生长、叶绿素含量、光合系统和抗氧化酶的影响. 结果表明：和对照相比,拟柱孢藻的生长率在低浓度草甘膦（0.7 mg·L^-1）和铅（0.1和10 mg·L^-1）单一暴露时显著升高, 而在高浓度草甘膦（17.1 mg·L^-1）暴露时明显降低. 同时, 草甘膦和铅联合暴露与单一暴露相比生长率也显著下降, 表明联合暴露后对拟柱胞藻毒性增强. 联合暴露后荧光诱导曲线初始斜率（M₀）、相对可变荧光（V_J）、单位反应中心天线色素吸收的光能（ABS/RC）、反应中心的热耗散能量（DI₀/RC）、用于还原Q_A的能量（TR₀/RC）和能量耗散量子比率（φ_D0）和草甘膦或铅单一暴露相比均显著升高;以吸收光能为基础的性能指数（PI_ABS）、PSII 潜在活性（F_V/F₀）、最大光化学效率φ_P0、t = 0时传递链中超过Q_A的其他电子受体的概率ψ₀和用于热耗散的量子比率φ_E0则显著降低,说明联合暴露能减少有活性的光合反应中心, 减缓电子传递速率, 造成Q_A^-大量累积. 低浓度的草甘膦和铅单一暴露后和对照组相比叶绿素a含量、PI_ABS和φ_E0升高而ABS/RC和DI₀/RC降低,表明拟柱孢藻整体光合活性增加. 同时, 草甘膦和铅单一或联合暴露均影响了SOD和CAT活性. 因此,草甘膦与铅联合暴露和单一暴露相比PSII反应中心损伤和电子传递速率抑制加大, 光合效率下降更加明显, 最终影响拟柱孢藻生长.     

基于不同空气质量模型的二噁英沉降效果研究

为评估不同空气质量模型（AERMOD、ADMS和CALPUFF）在复杂地形-气象场条件下的干湿沉降模拟效果,利用上述模型模拟我国西南某代表性山地的医废、垃圾焚烧项目的二噁英环境影响,并通过土壤实测数据进行模型分析验证.结果表明：AERMOD、ADMS和CALPUFF模拟的空气中年均浓度依次为1.53×10^-8~4.14×10^-6,5.23×10^-9~3.28×10^-6和2.66×10^-9~2.59×10^-7ngTEQ/m³;AER MOD、ADMS和CALPUFF模拟的固定点位总沉降量依次为4.41~285.72,3.07~268.02和0.02~1.35ngTEQ/m².在扩散、沉降形态上,CALPUFF的模拟结果与其他两种模型均表现出较大差异,AERMOD和ADMS的沉降形态相似,空气中的扩散形态却存在差异.利用土壤监测值验证模型效果发现,AERMOD、ADMS和CALPUFF的相关系数r分别为0.66、0.70和0.83,CALPUFF的模拟结果在空间分布上表现更为优越,可作为相关项目的布点指导模型.     

中国水泥排放清单及分布特征

本研究基于2018年在线监测数据等,分析中国水泥行业主要工序（窑头和窑尾）排口烟气浓度情况,自下而上建立了2018年中国高时空分辨率水泥行业大气污染物排放清单（high resolution cement emission inventory for China,HCEC）.结果表明,2018年中国水泥行业的PM、SO₂和NO_x排放量分别为72893、92568和878394 t.从时间维度：2018年中国水泥行业主要工序烟气排口月均浓度逐步降低,蓝天保卫战成效显著.从区域维度：2018年京津冀及周边地区、长三角地区和汾渭平原,水泥窑年均排放浓度整体低于全国平均水平,但各城市排放浓度存在差异.2018年安徽省水泥行业排放量最大,北京市和天津市水泥行业的单位面积污染排放强度最大.     

基于复合LSTM模型的PM2.5浓度预测

在对淄博市19个空气质量监测站点监测数据进行分析后,提出了一种基于机器学习的复合模型——灰色关联度分析(GRA)-改进的完备总体经验模态分解(ICEEMD)-长短期记忆网络(LSTM)模型。通过分析淄博市2019年大气污染物和气象数据,选用LSTM模型预测PM_2.5浓度。由于传统单一模块机器学习模型具有训练时间较长和预测精度较低的问题,提出了复合LSTM模型。该模型由3部分组成：GRA,用于PM_2.5浓度影响因素变量筛选;ICEEMD,用于PM_2.5分解、分量筛选和原始大气污染物及气象数据处理;LSTM,用于PM_2.5浓度预测。预测结果表明：淄博市中部丘陵地带PM_2.5浓度高于南部山区和北部平原,东部高于西部;淄博市逐月PM_2.5浓度呈“U”形分布,1月最高,8月最低;淄博市PM_2.5浓度受PM₁₀和CO影响较大,受湿度和温度影响较小。对比单一LSTM模型和GRA-LSTM模型,GRA-ICEEMD-LSTM模型...