关于肥满度指数的讨论

肥满度指数,也称身体状况指数,广泛应用于各个动物类群和生态学、生理、生化、遗传学以及养殖业.至今已有多种肥满度指数提出,从计算公式结构上,肥满度指数可以划分为比值法和残差法两大类.通过对各种肥满度指数的分析,Le Cren相对状态指数Kn、log10(体重)与log10(身体大小指数)线性回归的(标准化)残差这两种肥满度指数系统误差相对较小.实际应用中最好根据所考察的问题分别计算不同年龄段、性别的个体的肥满度指数来分析肥满度指数.由于定义的模糊性及其前提假设缺乏广泛验证,因此,肥满度指数在实际应用中需要谨慎考察其前提假设是否满足.参33     

果皮、菜叶混合垃圾的蚯蚓堆制处理

在果皮、菜叶混合垃圾中,加入不同比例木屑调节C／N比值和含水量后,接种赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetida）进行室内堆制处理,研究适宜含水量、接种密度和温度条件下蚯蚓的生长和繁殖特性以及堆制产物的化学性状。结果表明：蚯蚓堆制处理明显加速有机质矿化,促进有机物料降解,提高堆制产物全N量,降低堆制产物有机C含量和C／N比值。加入木屑虽然在一定程度上抑制了蚯蚓的生长和繁殖,但是,0～30d时25％和40％木屑堆制处理中赤子爱胜蚓生长良好,繁殖较旺盛。相关分析表明,接种蚯蚓并加入25％～40％木屑对促进果皮、菜叶垃圾降解以及提高和改善其化学性状是有效可行的,有利于废弃物的减量化、无害化和资源化。     

多孔球三相流化床冷态试验的研究

对多孔球为填料的三相流化床进行冷态试验研究,研究不同工况下气体空塔流速、填料静止高度、喷淋密度等因素对流化床阻力特性和脱硫效率的影响.试验表明,用多孔球替代空心球做填料,不仅可以消除空心球在流化过程中出现的问题,还可以适当提高脱硫效率.     

北京城市生态系统的能值动态分析

采用能值理论与分析方法,对北京市1990~2001年间的能值结构动态进行了分析,并采用人均能值、能值密度、生态功能潜力、人口基本承载力、能值自给率、能值货币比率、环境负载率、输入能值比等重要能值指标对该时期北京市城市生态系统的能值状况作了详细分析。研究表明,北京城市生态系统正处于较高发展水平,已基本跨入发达国家水平的行列;但高强度、快速发展给本市带来了巨大的生态环境压力,未来北京的可持续能力建设已势在必行。文章也提出了北京城市生态系统可持续发展能力建设的基本方向。     

Relationships among multiple trace elements in coastal Casuarina equisetifolia ecosystems on Hainan Island, South China

Forty-six trace elements in coastal Casuarina equisetifolia plant–soil systems at nine sampling sites on Hainan Island were analyzed using ICP-MS. The relationships among the trace elements of the same group or the same periodicity of the Periodic Table in the plants and soils were complex and no consistent patterns were found. More combinations of elements occurred with high positive correlation coefficients within the same periodicity than within the same group of the Periodic Table, and there were more high positive correlations in soils than in plants. However, there were many element combinations in Block d (transition elements) with high positive correlation coefficients in plants. Markedly high positive correlation coefficients between individual rare earth elements and Y and among Zr, Nb, Cd existed in both plants and soils. The dendrograms obtained by cluster analysis show that rare earth elements had very similar occurrence and distribution in both soils and plants. Thus, they behaved as a coherent group of elements both geochemically and biogeochemically. The transition elements were more coherent in plants than in soils.     

Experimental study on the effect of fly ash content in cemented paste backfill on its anti-sulfate erosion

ABSTRACT

In order to study the effect of fly ash content in cemented paste backfill (CPB) on its anti-sulfate erosion, the apparent phenomenon, strength development, and hydration products change the law of CPB with different fly ash content under long-term soaking of 5% sodium sulfate solution were studied by the macrotest and microanalysis, in addition, the mechanism of CPB anti-sulfate attack was analyzed by combining with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated that the effect of sulfate environment on the strength of fly ash cemented paste backfill (FCPB) was mainly determined by the hydration products in the FCPB at different soaking times. In the early soaking stage, the formation of ettringite (AFt) in FCPB could improve its compactness, which was conducive to improving the strength of FCPB. In the late soaking stage, there were ettringite-type erosion damage and gypsum erosion-type damage internal of the FCPB with low content fly ash, resulting in microfracture, cracking of the FCPB, and reducing the strength. CPB with an appropriate content of fly ash could improve the internal structure of the FCPB to achieve the purpose of anti-sulfate erosion.     

基于因子分析法优选河流水体中氮浓度预测方法的研究

定量的河流水体中氮浓度预测方法有很多种,如何优选出预测精度较高的方法一直是学术界多年来致力于研究的重点。本研究采用因子分析法对预测方法的精度评价指标进行分析,并建立了预测方法精度的评价模型,对回归分析法、神经网络法、灰色系统法和增长率统计法4种水体氮浓度预测方法进行综合评估,优选出精度较高的河流水体氮浓度预测模型——BP神经网络预测模型。结果表明,此评估模型对类似研究具有一定的参考价值,能为选择出合适的河流水体氮浓度预测方法提供依据。     

TiO_2光催化对微滤去除腐殖酸的膜污染控制研究

着重研究了不同紫外灯光源和照射时间条件下,TiO_2光催化(PCO)对微滤去除腐殖酸过程中的膜污染控制,并探讨了膜污染的控制机理。研究结果表明,TiO_2光催化能有效提高微滤对腐殖酸的去除,同时降低膜通量的下降,起到有效控制膜污染的作用。进一步的实验分析表明,TiO_2光催化控制膜污染的主要机理在于将腐殖酸降解为易于被TiO_2吸附的小分子量物质,吸附腐殖酸降解产物后的TiO_2聚合颗粒粒径增大,易于在膜表面形成更为松散的沉积层,并使膜污染从以膜孔堵塞和沉积层污染为主转化为以沉积层污染为主的可逆性污染。     

石膏浆液旋流器的分离性能实验研究

通过理论分析及工程经验对石灰石/石膏法烟气脱硫工艺中石膏浆液脱水系统的旋流器进行优化设计,在与工业实际相近的操作条件下,优选出了一根综合性能较好的旋流器。考察了该旋流器的压力、流量与分离效率之间相互关系,与常规石膏浆液旋流器的分级效率进行了比较,确定了最佳操作条件。结果表明,旋流器的进口流量随着进出口压力差的增大而增大,分离效率随着流量增加先上升后下降。在进口硫石膏颗粒平均粒径为24μm,流量为11.8~14.8 m3/h时,分离效率在85%以上,底流出口10μm、15μm以下的颗粒分别占底流出口颗粒总体积的1%、10%左右,起到了很明显的分级浓缩作用,分离性能也优于常规使用的石膏浆液旋流器。     

多孔富铁填料曝气过滤除磷机理研究

采用多孔富铁填料的曝气过滤装置具有优良的除磷性能,理论分析研究了多孔富铁填料的除磷机理,通过铁细菌测定、电镜扫描、红外光谱分析等实验对其除磷机理进行了验证。结果表明,多孔富铁填料除磷为化学除磷过程,铁的形态转化中存在铁细菌的氧化作用,沉淀物以碱式磷酸铁为主。