有机工业废水中常见污染物结构与活性关系专家系统研究

应用专家系统方法对88种有机工业废水中常见污染物的构效关系进行深入研究。结果表明,对学习集中68种化合物的正确分类率达到95％,对其余20种化合物的正确预报率达到90％。并应用量子化学方法对专家系统推理过程中所采用的部分构效关系规律进行解释。     

环境专家系统进展

本文对国内外环境专家系统的进展及其特点进行了综述。认为:环境专家系统可以应用于环境科学的各个领域,成为解决环境问题的有用工具。目前,基于事实的推理型专家系统是环境专家系统的主流,环境专家系统又是环境数据库、环境信息系统的进一步补充与完善。文中最后例举了如何将环境模式计算和环境专家系统结合起来解决区域大气质量评价的实际问题。     

氧化·热化学脱硫研究

热化学脱硫法因铵盐回收率低、产物不稳定,无法解决实用化问题。氧化热化学法应用超强脉冲电场产生高浓度、高能量的活性粒子,使SO₂在氧化过程中生成H₂SO₄,与NH3进行热化学反应,生成稳定的固体微粒（NH₄）₂SO₄,用电收尘器加以回收。脱除率、回收率可达90％左右,脱除1m³烟气中SO₂耗能为4Wh,实现了干法高效脱硫。一次投资大幅度减少,回收铵盐基本上抵消了药品费和电费。     

软岩巷道围岩刚柔耦合支护技术研究与应用∗

煤矿开采进入深部开采阶段后,普遍呈现出围岩变形量大、支护构件失效的技术难题。为研究针对性的控制对策,以矿典型高地应力软弱破碎巷道为研究背景,在现场矿压监测、地质雷达探测以及地应力实测的基础上,研究了此类巷道的变形规律。同时基于现场监测及分析成果,提出了以高预应力锚杆、注浆锚杆(索)和“U”型钢架为核心的分步刚柔耦合支护关键技术,并阐明了其具体支护机制。为进一步检验新支护方案的支护效果,在新掘的胶带大巷进行了现场实验,相比原支护围岩松动破坏范围减小了近 50%,顶板下沉量、两帮移近量以及底鼓量仅 163、135 和 107 mm,52 d 内基本实现了巷道变形稳定,取得了良好的支护效果。     

Association between particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease mortality in Lanzhou,China

Ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution has been linked to elevated mortality, especially from cardiovascular diseases. However, evidence on the effects of particulate matter pollution on cardiovascular mortality is still limited in Lanzhou, China. This research aimed to examine the associations of daily mean concentrations of ambient air pollutants (PM_2.5, PM_C, and PM₁₀) and cardiovascular mortality due to overall and cause-specific diseases in Lanzhou. Data representing daily cardiovascular mortality rates, meteorological factors (daily average temperature, daily average humidity, and atmospheric pressure), and air pollutants (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂) were collected from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2017, in Lanzhou. A quasi-Poisson regression model combined with a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to estimate the associations. Stratified analyses were also performed by different cause-specific diseases, including cerebrovascular disease (CD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), heart rhythm disturbances (HRD), and heart failure (HF). The results showed that elevated concentration of PM_2.5, PM_C, and PM₁₀ had different effects on mortality of different cardiovascular diseases. Only cerebrovascular disease showed a significant positive association with elevated PM_2.5. Positive associations were identified between PM_C and daily mortality rates from total cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and ischemic heart diseases. Besides, increased concentration of PM₁₀ was correlated with increased death of cerebrovascular diseases and ischemic heart diseases. For cerebrovascular disease, each 10 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 at lag4 was associated with increments of 1.22% (95% CI 0.11–2.35%). The largest significant effects for PM_C on cardiovascular diseases and ischemic heart diseases were both observed at lag0, and a 10 μg/m³ increment in concentration of PM_C was associated with 0.47% (95% CI 0.06–0.88%) and 0.85% (95% CI 0.18–1.52%) increases in cardiovascular mortality and ischemic heart diseases. In addition, it exhibited a lag effect on cerebrovascular mortality as well, which was most significant at lag6d, and an increase of 10 μg/m³ in PM_C was associated with a 0.76% (95% CI 0.16–1.37%) increase in cerebrovascular mortality. The estimates of percentage change in daily mortality rates per 10 μg/m³ increase in PM₁₀ were 0.52% (95% CI 0.05–1.02%) for cerebrovascular disease at lag6 and 0.53% (95% CI 0.01–1.05%) for ischemic heart disease at lag0, respectively. Our study suggests that elevated concentration of atmospheric PM (PM_2.5, PM_C, and PM₁₀) in Lanzhou is associated with increased mortality of cardiovascular diseases and that the health effect of elevated concentration of PM_2.5 is more significant than that of PM_C and PM₁₀.

     

非平稳性条件下淮河流域极端气温时空演变特征及遥相关、环流特征分析

在全球升温的背景下,为掌握淮河流域极端气温的时空变化特征及其变化规律,以提高淮河流域对极端气温灾害的应对能力。以淮河流域1961～2016年149个气象站点、太平洋气候因子和NCEP/NCAR再分析数据为基础,利用优化的非平稳性(Transformed-Stationary)极值分析方法、空间Ward-like层次聚类分析方法、M-K趋势分析和经验正交函数分析方法(Empirical orthogonal function)对淮河流域极端气温进行分析。结果发现:(1)年最高气温在1960和2000s为增加趋势,2000s后增加趋势不显著;从1970～1980s,年最高气温呈减小趋势;年最低气温在1960s呈下降趋势,1970s以后年最低气温呈增加趋势;(2)年最高气温重现期对应的温度多数站点表现出非平稳态并显著上升,增幅达1.5℃。年最低气温均呈现上升趋势,在1978年前后出现上升的拐点,在2000年前后暖化现象有所减缓。年最高气温距离海洋越近,上升趋势越显著;年最低气温则相反。(3)不同重现期年最高气温显著增加趋势,主要分布在淮河的东北部和东南部地区,中西部地区呈显著减小趋势,年最低气温的空间分布恰好与其相反。(4)北太平洋海温异常显著的影响着淮河流域的7、8月极端气温的变化,淮河流域的极端气温的非平稳变化有着与西太平洋和北太平洋显著正相关关系,与东太平洋呈显著负相关关系。淮河流域12～1月气温异常与渤海海温异常同步、与厄尔尼诺或拉尼娜同步变化;7～8月温度异常与12～1月的温度异常结果相反。环流特征分析表明,淮河流域冬季暖化现象受到东北地区暖化的影响;7～8月温度的变化主要由青藏高原低压和蒙古低压在逐年减弱而改变环流特征造成,东南区域极端高温增加,西部区域降水增多、极端高温的降低。     

升金湖湿地时空演变对越冬鹤类种群动态的影响

升金湖湿地是我国主要的鹤类越冬栖息地之一。研究升金湖湿地时空变化对越冬鹤类种群动态的影响在湿地生态环境改善、鹤类种群恢复等方面具有重要参考价值。对1986～2015年升金湖湿地白头鹤（Grus monacha）、白鹤（Grus leucogeranus）、灰鹤（Grus grus）及白枕鹤（Grus vipio）种群数量的变化趋势分别进行了曲线拟合;结合升金湖湿地1986~2015年间8期遥感影像分析了研究区土地利用/覆盖的时空变化;并探讨了湿地时空变化与越冬鹤类种群数量变化之间的相关性。结果表明：1986~2015年间,研究区的景观格局发生了较大变化,草地、水田、滩涂及其他用地的面积总体呈增加态势,而林地、旱地、水域及芦苇沼泽地面积总体呈减少的态势;4种鹤类的数量总体呈下降趋势,曲线拟合中白鹤和白枕鹤种群数量变化的趋势方程拟合度较高;芦苇沼泽地及水域面积变化与越冬鹤类种群数量呈显著的正相关关系,而草地、滩涂及水田的面积与鹤类种群数量呈较强的负相关关系;其他景观面积变化间接对鹤类种群数量产生影响。 关键词： 时空变化;鹤类;遥感影像;土地利用/覆盖;升金湖     

二氧化碳软化高硬度废水的研究

采用一种新装置——自吸式反应器强化CO_2软化高钙废水过程,探究了温度、起始pH值、CO_2气体流量、CO_2总通入量等因素对钙离子去除率的影响。结果显示,在起始pH值为12.89、温度20℃、通入的CO_2体积分数为100%、CO_2气体流量为1.0 L/min时,钙离子去除率最高达98.47%。与传统的鼓泡搅拌反应器相比,CO_2利用率提高了2倍以上。     

VOCs催化燃烧的非贵金属催化剂研究进展

挥发性有机化合物（ VOCs） 是大气污染的主要来源之一,催化燃烧是有效的VOCs处理技术,而非贵金属催化剂是催化燃烧技术研究的热点。综述了多种结构形式的非贵金属催化剂的种类、活性组分及其催化性能的研究进展,探讨了水含量、杂质气体等因素对催化剂活性的影响。指出：将催化剂的制备和机理研究与实际应用中的工艺计算和设计相结合,开发用于VOCs催化燃烧的高活性、高稳定性、价格低廉的催化材料和工艺是今后的研究方向。     

Rheology,Morphology, Crystallization Behaviors,Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Poly(lactic acid)/Polypropylene/Maleic Anhydride-Grafted Polypropylene Blends

The rheologies, morphologies, crystallization behaviors, mechanical and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/polypropylene (PP) blends and PLA/PP/maleic anhydride-grafted PP (MAPP) blends were investigated. The results showed that the complex viscosities of PLA/PP blends were between those of neat PLA and neat PP, and MAPP had a thinning effect on those of the blends. PLA/PP blends exhibited the distinct phase separation morphologies due to the limited partial miscibility of the blend components. MAPP slightly improved the miscibility between PLA and PP. Both the cold crystallization of PLA component and melt crystallization of PP component were enhanced, probably because PLA and PP were reciprocal nucleating agents. The tensile strength and flexural modulus decreased, while the tensile strain at break and heat deflection temperature (HDT) increased with the increasing PP content. MAPP had the positive effects on the notched impact strength and HDT of PLA-rich blends and also increased the flexural modulus of the binary blends. The thermal stability of the blend was improved by PP, and the incorporation of MAPP further enhanced the thermal stability.