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961.
Changes of Land Use and of Ecosystem Service Values in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Wang Z Zhang B Zhang S Li X Liu D Song K Li J Li F Duan H 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,112(1-3):69-91
Agricultural activities, especially reclamation, are considered major threats to the wetland ecosystems in Sanjiang Plain,
the largest concentrated area of the freshwater wetlands in China. In the past decades, the area of the cultivated land and
its grain production have been increased at the cost of wetlands shrinkage. The large-scale land reclamation severely affected
the ecosystems in this region. However, such effects at the regional scale are seldom evaluated quantitatively. We used three
datasets of LANDSAT MSS and/or TM imagery to estimate the area changes and the transition of land use types from 1980 to 2000.
We also valued changes in ecosystem services delivered by each land category using value coefficients published by Costanza
et al. [Nature 387, 1997, 253–260]. Sensitivity analysis suggested that these estimates were relatively robust. Finally, the contribution
of various ecosystem functions was ranked to the overall value of the ecosystem services in this study. According to our estimates,
the total annual ecosystem service values in Sanjiang Plain have declined by about 40% between 1980 and 2000 ($156284–182572.18
million in total over 20 years). This substantial decline is largely attributed to the 53.4% loss of wetlands. For individual
ecosystem functions, waste treatment, water supply and disturbance regulation account for more than 60% to the total ecological
values. During those two decades, the contribution of disturbance regulation, cultural and recreation decreased, while the
contribution of water regulation, nutrient cycling, food production, raw materials and climate regulation increased during
the same period. We also put forward a few proposals concerning the future land use policy formulation and sustainable ecosystems.
They are adjusting the ‘food first’ agricultural policy, establishing more nature reserves for wetlands, creating systems
for the rational use of water, harnessing the degraded cultivated land and encouraging eco-tourism. 相似文献
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Wei Huilan Chen Haiyun Bai Jianming Zhu Ting 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(4):725-734
A statistical model of community participation and investment in biodiversity protection projects was developed in order to
understand patterns in the effectiveness of conservation actions in forest-edge communities in Gansu, China. Extensive questionnaires
were used to validate the model. The effectiveness of biodiversity programs is strongly and positively influenced by the level
of public participation and investment. Higher education improves the use of resources associated with conservation, such
as reduced hunting, reduced use of forest products, and the use of fuels other than wood. Nevertheless, it will be important
to balance the implementation of conservation programs with the rights of communities to earn or gather a livelihood. The
CBI model will benefit from further development, but proves to be a valuable tool for evaluating the design and effectiveness
of biodiversity protection programs.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
967.
喷洒分散剂是一种广泛采用的水面事故性溢油应急措施.在分析了分散剂分散效果及其影响因素、分散剂的毒性及其生态环境影响、不同国家对于分散剂的使用及管理规定和中国关于分散剂的研究与使用管理现状的基础上,提出了中国分散剂研究与使用管理建议,主要包括:(1)建立国家级分散剂重点实验室,深入分散剂生态毒理学和迁移转归研究以及新型分散剂开发研究,提高中国在此研究领域的国际地位;(2)修订或建立中国分散剂分析、检验和使用相关标准;(3)建议海事和水运交通管理部门进行所辖区域溢油应急措施的风险评估,并加强对溢油应急事故处理中分散剂使用的授权和管理. 相似文献
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ICSTD反应器处理污泥的启动试验研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
新型内循环污泥浓缩消化反应器(ICSTD)处理污泥的启动运行试验采用某污水处理厂二沉池好氧活性污泥进行驯化培养,使反应器正常启动运行。在日处理量为50 L/d,进泥含水率为99.23%~99.46%,进泥VS/TS为0.65~0.73,进泥COD为4 115~5 780 mg/L,反应器容积负荷为1.31 kg COD/(m3·d)时,排泥含水率在96.2%~97.3%,排泥VS/TS为0.48~0.57,COD去除率在95%以上,出水pH在6.6~7.1,且上清液澄清。试验结果表明: ICSTD反应器处理污泥的启动试验,采用直接培养污泥启动的方式培养厌氧污泥历时66 d,能较快地培养厌氧污泥且运行稳定,对污泥的浓缩消化起到较好的作用,同时对反应器后续运行的消化效果提供了一个良好的条件。 相似文献
970.