新型非焚烧医疗废物处置技术:脉动高压蒸汽灭菌-破碎

本文介绍了高压蒸汽灭菌结合破碎的医疗废物处置技术的原理、技术特点以及处置过程中排放的废气废水的处理方法。从节能环保和经济可靠的角度，对高压蒸汽灭菌处置技术与焚烧技术进行了比较，结果表明高压蒸汽灭菌-破碎的医疗废物处置技术可以避免传统焚烧技术由于设计、操作等问题所引起的二噁[口英]二次污染等问题，无论是设备本身还是运行维护费用均要低于焚烧技术：其更加适合我国相对小规模的医疗废物的处理。     

絮凝法处理难降解垃圾渗滤液的实验研究

用絮凝法对难降解的循环式准好氧垃圾渗滤液进行了处理,以垃圾渗滤液的CODcr去除率为主要考察指标,探讨了絮凝剂、最佳絮凝剂的投加量以及pH值等因素对这类渗滤液处理效果的影响,在此基础上确定了最佳处理条件.结果表明,用硫酸亚铁的絮凝处理效果最好,当浓度为20%的硫酸亚铁投加量为0.7 mL/100 mL,pH值为10,与聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的投加比例为2:1时,可使垃圾渗滤液的CODcr去除率达到60%,色度去除率达到40%,使渗滤液的CODcr从2654.6 mg/L降到977.8 ms/L,达到国家三级排放标准.     

Catalytic ozonation treatment of papermaking wastewater by Ag-doped NiFe2O4: Performance and mechanism

The catalytic ozonation treatment of secondary biochemical effluent for papermaking wastewater by Ag-doped nickel ferrite was investigated. Ag-doped catalysts prepared by sol-gel method were characterized, illustrating that Ag entirely entered the crystalline of NiFe₂O₄ and changed the surface properties. The addition of catalyst enhanced the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, ultraviolet light absorbance at 254 nm and three-dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix suggested that aromatic compounds were efficiently degraded and toxic substances, such as dibutyl phthalate. In addition, the radical scavenging experiments confirmed the hydroxyl radicals acted as the main reactive oxygen species and the surface properties of catalysts played an important role in the reaction. Overall, this work validated potential applications of Ag-doped NiFe₂O₄ catalyzed ozonation process of biologically recalcitrant wastewater.     

瘤胃微生物强化醋糟厌氧消化及其机制

针对醋糟中木质纤维素利用效率低的问题,通过接种瘤胃微生物可强化木质纤维素水解.采用逐步提升体系有机负荷的方式,考察瘤胃微生物生物强化对醋糟厌氧消化性能的提升效果,并运用绝对定量实时聚合酶链锁反应（Q-PCR）技术探究其微生物学强化机制.结果表明:长期连续运行成功塑造了高效的木质纤维素瘤胃强化体系.该体系的最高有机负荷达8.90 g/（L·d）（以VS计）,是强化前的1.53倍,该有机负荷下半纤维素和纤维素降解率分别达73.9%和40.1%,单位质量底物沼气和甲烷产量相应地分别达到451和261 mL/g（以VS计）,半纤维素和纤维素较高的降解率是该体系维持高产气性能的主要原因.生物相机制研究表明,瘤胃微生物强化体系中与木质纤维素水解密切相关的GH5（糖苷水解酶家族5）水解菌逐步富集,其基因拷贝数从初始的964×1010 copies/g升至最高有机负荷下的6.83×1011 copies/g,这是底物在高有机负荷下仍能被高效生物转化的根本原因.研究显示,瘤胃微生物的介入可有效强化体系底物的降解能力,促进醋糟产甲烷性能的提升.      

Accumulation and Depuration Kinetics of Rotavirus in Mussels Experimentally Contaminated

Bivalve mollusks as filter-feeders concentrate in their digestive tissue microorganisms likely present in the harvesting water, thus becoming risky food especially if consumed raw or poorly cooked. To eliminate bacteria and viruses eventually accumulated, they must undergo a depuration process which efficacy on viruses is on debate. To better clarify the worth of the depuration process on virus elimination from mussels, in this study we investigated rotavirus kinetics of accumulation and depuration in Mytilus galloprovincialis experimentally contaminated. Depuration process was monitored for 9 days and virus residual presence and infectivity were evaluated by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, cell culture and electron microscopy at days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 of depuration. Variables like presence of ozone and of microalgae feeding were also analyzed as possible depuration enhancers. Results showed a two-phase virus removal kinetic with a high decrease in the first 24 h of depuration and 5 days necessary to completely remove rotavirus.     

CANON生物膜载体储存及活性恢复研究

采用不同活性恢复手段研究了短期低温（20d,15℃）储存及常温（25℃）低负荷运行后,CANON-MBBR反应器的活性恢复效果.结果显示,CANON悬浮载体经短期低温储存后,通过先恢复温度后缓慢提高进水负荷的方式可使其TN去除负荷恢复率达到102%.若在温度未恢复的基础上直接将进水负荷提升至原水平运行,CANON悬浮载体生物膜将无法维持正常的EPS含量而易发生脱膜现象,致使TN去除负荷恢复率仅为84%.另外,系统有一定基质浓度的基础上,经过25d常温（25℃）低负荷SBR运行后,通过同样的恢复手段可使TN去除负荷恢复率达到96%.通过微生物菌群分析,确定CANON-MBBR系统中功能微生物优势菌属分别为Nitrosomonas和Candidatus Kuenenia,采取合适的恢复手段使系统进入稳定运行阶段后,两者丰度均可分别达到11%以上及27%以上,且悬浮载体脱膜并未对微生物组成造成明显影响.     

基于配额指标重要性视角的中国碳排放配额再分配

提出用与碳排放“同步变化程度”来衡量配额指标重要性的思想,对中国各省份碳排放配额进行再分配.首先在公平和效率原则基础上选取碳排放的影响因素作为分配指标,其次采用灰色关联分析法分别测算出各地区各指标与碳排放量的同步变动程度,以得到各地区各指标在配额分配中的比重.最后测算出我国29个省区2020~2030年的碳排放配额与排放空间.结果表明,人口基数及经济发展指标对各地碳排放有较强的同步变动关联性,因此应该被赋予更高的权重;配额最多的地区包括广东、北京、江苏、山东、上海,最少的地区则包括宁夏、贵州、青海、吉林、新疆.盈余分析发现,北京地区的碳排放空间有较多盈余;浙江等5个省区已达较饱和状态;山东等4个省区则处于较严重的溢出状态,在未来10年内需承担较重的减排压力.     

西藏地面太阳光谱观测

通过使用德国TriOS公司生产的RAMSES-ACC-UV/VIS光谱仪,在2016—2017年对西藏四个地区(拉萨、林芝、阿里和定日)进行了阶段性的太阳光谱(波长280—950 nm)实地观测。初步研究了西藏四个地区地面太阳光谱强度、光谱曲线特征以及光谱随时间的变化等,结果显示在本次观测期间,2017年7月21日(晴天)当地正午(北京时间13点58分)拉萨晴天光谱在476.6 nm波长处出现强度最高,峰值达到2.05 W?m~(-2)?nm~(-1)。同时对比了观测期间拉萨与定日、拉萨与林芝的当地正午晴天太阳光谱特征,对比结果表明:定日光谱强度高于拉萨,拉萨光谱强度高于林芝。定日光谱曲线平滑程度高于拉萨,拉萨光谱曲线平滑程度高于林芝,主要由水汽、氧气吸收造成。