农田-泥炭藓系统重金属富集特征与生态风险评价

为了解贵州省都匀市毛尖镇高寨水库附近土壤重金属污染现状和农田泥炭藓对重金属的富集能力和重金属的污染来源,选取了该区域附近的农田泥炭藓为研究对象,测定了泥炭藓及表层土壤中重金属含量;采用空间分析和多元统计分析方法对重金属进行污染评价及来源分析.结果表明,表层土壤和农田泥炭藓中的重金属含量排序分别为:V＞Zn＞Cr＞Pb＞...     

2022年北京市城区PM2.5水溶性离子含量及其变化特征

为探究北京市大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）水溶性离子含量及其变化特征,有针对性地提出污染防治方案,对2022年全年PM_2.5水溶性离子、气态前体物（SO₂、NO₂）和气象因素（温度、RH）进行分析测定.结果表明,北京市城区PM_2.5中占比最高的水溶性离子为NO₃^-、NH₄⁺和SO₄^2-,占PM_2.5的52.7%,ρ（PM_2.5）（33.2 μg·m^-3）和ρ（SNA）（18.9 μg·m^-3）低于历史研究结果,但SNA占比（52.7%）、SOR（0.45）和NOR（0.15）高于历史研究结果,体现出北京市细颗粒物污染得到明显改善,但仍具有较强的二次污染特征.NO₃^-/SO₄^2-为2.2,高于历史及附近省市研究结果,反映出移动源的影响不断扩大.从季节变化上看,PM_2.5呈现秋高夏低的变化特征,秋、春、冬这3个季节NO₃^-的占比最高,夏季SO₄^2-占比最高,而NH₄⁺在各季节占比变化不大.NOR与SOR的季节变化规律几乎相反,反映出二者的转化形成因素存在差异.北京城区SNA的主要存在形式为NH₄NO₃和（NH₄）₂SO₄,其中冬季阴阳离子中和度最高,夏季阳离子NH₄⁺稍显不足,而春秋两季NH₄⁺处于过量状态,北京城区为富氨环境.从污染级别看,水溶性离子质量浓度均随污染加重有不同程度的增长,增长最快的是SNA,其在PM_2.5中占比出现先上升后稳定的变化特征.从空间分布特征来看,中心城区和东南西北部郊区的SNA质量浓度大小均为：NO₃^->SO₄^2->NH₄⁺,体现了以NO₃^-为主导的污染特征;SNA对PM_2.5的贡献率最高的区域发生在东部、中心城区和传输点,表明在中心城区和东部地区二次反应相对活跃,同时区域传输也是二次离子的重要来源.     

正态信息扩散法在确定河冰抗压强度概率分布中的应用

将正态信息扩散法应用于小样本条件下河冰抗压强度概率密度函数的确定,建立了小样本条件下河冰抗压强度概率分布,并结合K-S检验法和河冰抗压强度试验数据,分析了该方法的合理性。结果表明,本文方法可以较好解决小样本情况下河冰抗压强度概率分布的确定问题,正态信息扩散分布更加接近河冰抗压强度的真实分布,并优于经典分布的拟合方法。     

Study of chest injuries to 3-year-old child occupants seated in impact shield and 5-point harness CRSs

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate whether the 5-point harness or the impact shield child restraint system (CRS) or both have the potential to cause chest injuries to children. This is determined by examining whether the loading to the chest reaches the internal organ injury threshold for children.

Method: The chest injury risk to a child occupant in a CRS was investigated using Q3 dummy tests, finite element (FE) simulations (Q3 dummy and human models), and animal tests. The investigation was done for 2 types of CRSs (i.e., the impact shield CRS and 5-point harness CRS) based on the UN R44 dynamic test specifications.

Results: The tests using a Q3 dummy indicated that although the chest deflection of the dummy in the impact shield CRS was large, it was less than the injury threshold (40 mm). Computational biomechanics simulations (using finite element FE analysis) showed that the Q3 dummy's chest is loaded by the shield and deforms substantially under this load. To clarify whether chest injuries due to chest compression can occur with an impact shield or with the 5-point harness CRS, 7 experiments were performed using Tibetan miniature pigs with weights ranging from 9.7 to 13 kg. Severe chest and abdominal injuries (lung contusion, coronary artery laceration, liver laceration) were found in the tests using the impact shield CRS. No chest injuries were present when using the 5-point harness CRS.

Conclusion: When using the impact shield CRS, the chest deformed substantially in dummy tests and FE simulations, and chest and abdominal injuries were observed in pig tests. It is possible that these chest injuries could also occur to child occupants sitting in the impact shield CRS.     

基于联系数与三角模糊数的黄柏河梯级水库富营养化评价

针对水体富营养化评价具有模糊性和不确定性的多属性决策问题,提出联系数与三角模糊数耦合的富营养化综合评价方法。利用多元联系数描述评价因子与评价等级之间隶属关系的不确定性,采用分段三角模糊数确定联系数差异度系数的连续变化过程和模糊性,进而计算评价因子与评价等级之间的综合联系数,并结合评价指标组合权重确定级别特征值。应用该方法对2016年7月黄柏河梯级水库的富营养化状况进行了评价。结果表明:玄庙观水库处于贫营养状态,天福庙水库、西北口水库和尚家河水库均处于中营养状态。各水库富营养化程度排序为:尚家河水库西北口水库天福庙水库玄庙观水库。该法所得结果与其它多种评价方法的结果对比表明,该方法评价结果直观有效,可以真实反映水库富营养化等级状况,能够更加细微、准确的区分同一等级水体富营养化差异,在湖库富营养化评价中具有良好的应用前景。     

Sprawl matters: the evolution of fringe land,natural amenities and disposable income in a Mediterranean urban area

We investigate the relationship between land-use changes (1987–2007) and the spatial distribution of the average declared income of resident population in a southern European metropolitan region (Athens, Greece) as a contribution to the analysis of suburbanization processes in the Mediterranean region. To demonstrate that urban expansion is accompanied with multiple modifications in the use of the surrounding non-urban land, we developed a computational approach based on spatial indexes of landscape configuration and proximity as a result of changes in the local socio-spatial structure. Diversity in the use of land surrounding built-up parcels in the Athens’ metropolitan region increased significantly between 1987 and 2007, reflecting a progressive fragmentation of the exurban landscape. The percentage of forests and (high-quality) natural land surrounding built-up parcels increased from 8.1 to 9.4 % between 1987 and 2007. The reverse pattern was observed for (low-quality) sparsely vegetated areas, declining from 65 to 47 %. Large built-up parcels were surrounded by a higher percentage of natural land than small parcels. The largest increase over time in forest and natural land surrounding built-up parcels was observed in municipalities with high per capita declared income, and the reverse pattern was observed for sparse vegetation. Our results demonstrate that scattered urban expansion determines a polarization in suburban areas with high-quality and low-quality natural amenities. Sprawl increases economic inequality and socio-spatial disparities contributing to a spatially unbalanced distribution of natural amenities with higher consumption of high-quality land.     

基于混沌多目标遗传算法的分布式电源规划

针对多目标遗传算法(multi-objective genetic algorithm,MGA)在解决分布式电源(dis-tributed generation,DG)优化问题上存在的不足,加入混沌变量、虛拟适应度、精英保留策略等方法进行多目标改进,提出一种改进混沌多目标遗传算法(improved chaotic optimization multi-ob-jective genetic algorithm,ICMGA),并依据种群进化状态自适应调整搜索精度,提高了算法搜索效率和收敛速度。结果表明:与NSGA_II算法相比,ICMGA算法不但寻优能力更强,收敛速度快,还具有良好的经济性。能够为分布式电源优化问题提供优良的解决方案。     

某石化废水的综合毒性评价及其处理工艺对毒性的削减规律研究

利用生物毒性测试对环境中的污染物进行生态风险评价,是目前风险评价中的研究热点。本研究以明亮发光杆菌(Photobacterium phosphoreum)、斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)和大型溞(Daphina magna)为受试生物,对某石化厂废水的处理流程中5个主要单元出水的急性毒性进行了测试,分析了其急性毒性与理化指标间的相关性;同时,为了解不同处理单元毒性去除效果及主要毒性来源,结合毒性鉴别评价(toxicity identification evaluation,TIE)技术对各阶段出水的毒性削减及其主要致毒物质类别进行了分析。毒性测试结果表明,该废水处理厂对石化废水的毒性去除效果比较显著,其中进水对明亮发光杆菌、斜生栅藻和大型溞分别表现为中毒、高毒和剧毒,最终处理后出水的毒性分别为无急性毒、中毒和微毒,对毒性的去除效率分别为96.4%、74.3%和99.5%。TIE结果表明,石化废水中的主要致毒物质是非极性有机物和可滤型物质。本研究结果为石化废水的综合生物毒性评价提供了研究基础,为探讨废水生物毒性的去除提供了实例参考。     

Effect of solid waste landfill organic pollutants on groundwater in three areas of Sicily (Italy) characterized by different vulnerability

The aim of this study was to obtain information on the presence and levels of hazardous organic pollutants in groundwater located close to solid waste landfills. Eighty-two environmental contaminants, including 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 20 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 29 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 7 dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, PCDDs) and 10 furans (polychlorinated dibenzofurans, PCDFs) were monitored in areas characterised by different geological environments surrounding three municipal solid waste landfills (Palermo, Siculiana and Ragusa) in Sicily (Italy) in three sampling campaigns. The total concentrations of the 16 PAHs were always below the legal threshold. Overall, the Fl/Fl + Py diagnostic ratio revealed that PAHs had a petrogenic origin. VOC levels, except for two notable exceptions near Palermo landfill, were always below the legal limit. As concerns PCB levels, several samples were found positive with levels exceeding the legal limits. It is worth noting that the % PCB distribution differs from that of commercial compositions. In parallel, some samples of groundwater containing PCDDs and PCDFs exceeding the legal threshold were also found. Among the 17 congeners monitored, the most abundant were the highest molecular weight ones.

     

Heterologous expression of <Emphasis Type="Italic">LamA</Emphasis> gene encoded endo-β-1,3-glucanase and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> fixation by bioengineered <Emphasis Type="Italic">Synechococcus</Emphasis> sp. PCC 7002

The gene for the catalytic domain of thermostable endo-β-1,3-glucanase (laminarinase) LamA was cloned from Thermotoga maritima MSB8 and heterologously expressed in a bioengineered Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. The mutant strain was cultured in a photobioreactor to assess biomass yield, recombinant laminarinase activity, and CO₂ uptake. The maximum enzyme activity was observed at a pH of 8.0 and a temperature of 70°C. At a CO₂ concentration of 5%, we obtained a maximum specific growth rate of 0.083 h^–1, a biomass productivity of 0.42 g?L^–1?d^–1, a biomass concentration of 3.697 g?L^–1, and a specific enzyme activity of the mutant strain of 4.325 U?mg^–1 dry mass. All parameters decreased as CO₂ concentration increased from 5% to 10% and further to 15% CO₂, except enzyme activity, which increased from 5% to 10% CO₂. However, the mutant culture still grew at 15% CO₂ concentration, as reflected by the biomass productivity (0.26 g?L^–1?d^–1), biomass concentration (2.416 g?L^–1), and specific enzyme activity (3.247 U?mg^–1 dry mass).

Open image in new window