Application of permanganate in the oxidation of micropollutants: a mini review

As a green oxidant, permanganate has received considerable attention for the removal of micropollutants in drinking water treatment. To provide a better understanding of the oxidation of organic micropollutants with permanganate, the oxidation kinetics of 32 micropollutants were compiled. The pollutants include algal toxins, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and pharmaceuticals. The oxidation kinetics of micropollutants by permanganate were found to be first order with respect to both contaminant and permanganate concentrations from which second-order rate constants (k″) were obtained. Permanganate oxidized the heterocyclic aromatics with vinyl moiety (i.e., microcystins, carbamazepine, and dichlorvos) by the addition of double bonds. For the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with alkyl groups, permanganate attacked the benzylic C-H through abstraction of hydrogen. The mechanism for the oxidation of phenolic EDCs by permanganate was a single electron transfer and aromatic ring cleavage. The presence of background matrices could enhance the oxidation of some phenolic EDCs by permanganate, including phenol, chlorinated phenols, bisphenol A, and trichlosan. The toxicity of dichlorvos solution increased after permanganate oxidation, and the estrogenic activity of bisphnol A/estrone increased significantly at the beginning of permanganate oxidation. Therefore, the toxicity of degradation products or intermediates should be determined in the permanganate oxidation processes to better evaluate the applicability of permanganate. The influence of background ions on the permanganate oxidation process is far from clear and should be elucidated in the future studies to better predict the performance of permanganate oxidation of micropollutants. Moreover, methods should be employed to catalyze the permanganate oxidation process to achieve better removal of micropollutants.     

海螺沟植物和积雪中有机磷酸酯的分布及来源

为研究大气传输以及干湿沉降对偏远地区环境中有机磷酸酯(OPEs)含量及分布的影响,本研究以海螺沟景区为例,采集了海螺沟的植物和积雪样品,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)定量分析了样品中7种典型有机磷酸酯[磷酸三丁酯(Tn BP)、磷酸三氯乙酯(TCEP)、磷酸三氯丙酯(TCPP)、磷酸三(2,3-二氯丙基)酯(TDCPP)、磷酸三苯酯(TPh P)、磷酸三丁氧乙酯(TBEP)和磷酸三异辛酯(TEHP)]的含量及分布特征.结果表明,海螺沟景区常见的9种植物中7种OPEs(Σ7OPEs)的含量(以DW计)水平在43. 1～1 050. 8 ng·g-1之间,其中TBEP和TPh P含量最高,分别占Σ7OPEs总含量的36%～70%和24%～80%.冰川积雪中主要污染物与植物中一致,TBEP含量最高,占Σ7OPEs总含量的47%,其次为TPh P,占24%.采用Grads、后向轨迹模型及历史风向数据分析得出海螺沟环境显著受到人类活动扰动,其OPEs主要受来自成都方向和云南昭通与宜宾、泸州、西昌交界处方向的大气传输的影响,需要进一步研究其环境行为并加强城市污染控制.     

Fenton's pre-treatment of mature landfill leachate

The aim of this study was to check the effectiveness of the Fenton's reagent (Fe2+ + H2O2 + H+) for the pre-treatment of a municipal landfill leachate with the objective of improving its overall biodegradability, evaluated in terms of BOD5/COD ratio, up to a value compatible with biological treatment. The leachate came from a municipal sanitary landfill located in southern Italy and the average values of its main parameters were: pH=8.2; COD=10,540 mgl(-1); BOD5=2,300 mgl(-1); TOC=3,900 mgl(-1); NH4-N=5210 mgl(-1); conductivity=45,350 microScm(-1); alkalinity=21,470 mgl(-1) CaCO3. The effect of initial pH value on the pre-treatment effectiveness was evaluated by titrating the amount of acidic by-products formed. The extent of leachate oxidation was monitored and controlled by both pH and redox potential measurements. The best operational conditions for achieving the desired goal (i.e., BOD5/COD> or =0.5) resulted: Fe2+=275 mgl(-1); H2O2=3,300 mgl(-1); initial pH=3; reaction time=2 h. At the end of the Fenton's pre-treatment, in order to permit a subsequent biological treatment, residual ferric ions were removed increasing the pH up to 8.5 by adding 3 gl(-1) of Ca(OH)2 and 3 mgl(-1) of a cationic polyelectrolyte, the latter as an aid to coagulation. This final step also resulted in a further modest removal of residual COD due to co-precipitation phenomena.     

用于石化废水处理的聚氨酯泡沫球形载体的挂膜方法

采用物理吸附的方式对用于石化废水处理的聚氨酯泡沫球形载体的挂膜方法进行了研究。直接挂膜时,投加石化废水生物处理剂后,载体出现了严重的堵塞现象,孔隙内无机颗粒含量较高,生物多样性差,从而无法保持稳定的石化废水处理效果。通过分析聚氨酯泡沫表层和孔隙内部附着的生物量及孔隙内附着物的粒度分布,采取间接挂膜法,即采用投加颗粒状物质活性炭、电气石及酵母粉的方式,对聚氨酯泡沫球形载体进行预挂膜后,再投加生物处理剂,进行进一步的挂膜。结果表明：间接挂膜法可有效地避免载体的堵塞问题,使得孔隙内部附着生长大量的活性微生物,从而在石化废水进水COD和NH⁺₄-N浓度在280～420 mg/L和5～25 mg/L时,出水COD和NH⁺₄-N浓度分别稳定在70 mg/L和3 mg/L以下。     

重力波冰雹预警系统应用研究

利用重力波冰雹预警系统对1994—2004年预警范围内出现的冰雹等强对流天气过程及其他相关天气过程进行了监测。经过对所获得的部分大气重力波周期-振幅谱实时资料与对应天气资料的对比分析，发现了一些天气过程与大气重力波特征，特别是雹云发展不同阶段大气重力波的演变特征之间的联系。     

亚热带深水水库——龙滩水库季节性分层与富营养化特征分析

为揭示亚热带大型深水水库——龙滩水库水体季节性分层和富营养化特征,于2012年11月(枯水期),2013年4月(平水期)和7月(丰水期)对其环境因子及富营养化指标进行研究.结果表明:1龙滩水库分层结构呈不完全混合型湖泊特征,枯水期为单温跃层结构,表层至60 m为混合层,60~80 m为温跃层,80 m以后为永滞层.平水期和丰水期为双温跃层结构,表层到10 m为混合层,10~20 m为温跃层,20~40 m为混合层,40~60 m为次温跃层,60 m以后为混合层.2水温分层主导其它环境因子的分层结构,分层结构限制了水体上下对流,尤其永滞层的存在减少了内源污染的危害.3水库枯水期综合营养指数(TLI)在23.4~32.8之间,平水期在27.1~38.6之间,丰水期在26.0~45.1之间,均呈贫营养到中营养状态,其中总氮营养状态指数TSIc(TN)在60.3~72.5之间,呈富营养到重度富营养状态,氮磷比为107∶1,呈磷限制型.     

4种草本植物对镉的富集特征

以4种草本人侵植物粗毛牛膝菊、洋野黍、莠狗尾草和欧黑麦草作为研究材料,利用盆栽实验研究了这4种植物在土壤镉(Cd)含量(mg·kg-1)为0(TO)、5(T5)、25(T25)和50(T50)处理下的耐受和富集特征,以期筛选出对Cd污染土壤具有修复潜力的植物.结果表明,粗毛牛膝菊在T5～T50处理下,地上部分和根部生物...     

Innovative approach and design for environmental protection from arising threats

Environmental Science and Pollution Research -     

Carbon emissions performance trend across Chinese cities: evidence from efficiency and convergence evaluation

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Improving carbon emissions performance in Chinese cities is a crucial way to promote China’s sustainable development. Employing the...     

准好氧填埋工艺中通气管径对垃圾填埋气(LFG)影响研究及空气热力学计算

针对我国土地资源有限、垃圾产生量大的特点,准好氧填埋工艺逐渐成为中小型城市治理固体废物污染的首选技术.该工艺中,进入填埋堆体的空气量对垃圾填埋气(LFG)的产生及组分有重要的影响.为了确定准好氧填埋结构中竖直导气管与渗滤液导排主管直径的合理比例,在涿州市生活垃圾处理场建立了中试装置进行模拟准好氧填埋试验,并设置了直径分...