中国农业与工程机械尾气减排控制措施的费效分析

移动源尾气排放已成为我国空气污染的主要来源之一,相比于道路移动源来说,非道路移动源尾气排放的减排控制工作仍处于初级阶段。本研究就非道路移动源尾气减排控制的三种主要措施——整车淘汰、发动机更换以及发动机维修,对中国非道路工程和农业机械进行费效分析,探讨经济可行的控制途径。研究假设农业和工程机械的使用年限分别为15年和10年,同时假设采取减排措施后所有机械均达到国IV排放标准。研究表明,采取减排措施后,农业机械每年可减排NOx 40万～45万t,但PM污染物减排效益不明显;工程机械每年可减排NOx约52万t,且PM污染物每年可减排量约16万t,但费用可高达2000亿～25 000亿元,且不同措施的差别巨大,以整车淘汰费用最高。多数农业机械发动机维修所需费用高于发动机更换,相反,工程机械发动机更换所需费用高于发动机维修。因此,在采用减排措施和制定政策时,需要根据实际情况进行调整。对农业机械,采用发动机更换的减排方式更经济;对工程机械,采用发动机维修的减排措施更实惠。     

Removal of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in artificial composite soil treatment systems and diversity of microbial communities

• Novel ACST allowed biodegradation to effectively remove adsorbed SMX and TMP. • Ammonia and nitrite were efficiently removed in ACSTs and water quality was improved. Four artificial composite soil treatment systems (ACSTs) fed with reclaimed water containing trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) were constructed to investigate SMX and TMP biodegradation efficiency, ammonia and nitrite removal conditions and the microbial community within ACST layers. Results showed SMX and TMP removal rates could reach 80% and 95%, respectively, and removal rates of ammonia and nitrite could reach 80% and 90%, respectively, in ACSTs. The MiSeq sequencing results showed that microbial community structures of the ACSTs were similar. The dominant microbial community in the adsorption and biodegradation layers of the ACSTs contained Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Nitrospirae. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were considerably dominant in the ACST biodegradation layers. The entire experimental results indicated that Nitrosomonadaceae_uncultured, Nitrospira and Bacillus were associated with nitrification processes, while Bacillus and Lactococcus were associated with SMX and TMP removal processes. The findings suggest that ACSTs are appropriate for engineering applications.     

Investigation of potential interferences on the measurement of dissolved reactive phosphate using zirconium oxide-based DGT technique

A diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique based on hydrous zirconium oxide (Zr-oxide) has been recently developed for the measurement of dissolved reactive phosphate (DRP). In this study, the detailed performance of the DGT technique is reported. Spiking experiments revealed that several orthophosphate monoester compounds contributed to the Zr-oxide DGT measurements of DRP. However, such a phenomenon is unlikely to occur during field conditions due to the low concentration of organic P in typical natural waters. The presence of Cl- (up to 106 g/L), SO42- (up to 16 g/L), HCO3- (up to 817 g/L), and AsO2- and AsO 3 4 (both up to 1 mg As/L) in solutions had negligible effects on the measurement of DRP. The threshold concentrations of Cl-, SO42- and HCO3- have been increased from previous reports for the measurements of DRP using other adsorbent-based DGT techniques. The capacity for DGT measurements of DRP decreased with increasing solution pH (4.2-9.2). The lowest capacity (95 μg P/m2 at pH 9.2) was still greater than that of other DGT techniques that are usually used for the measurement of DRP (2-12 μg P/cm2 ). The Zr-oxide binding gel could be stored for up to 2 years without any aging effect. This period of validity was considerably longer than the ferrihydrite binding gel that is commonly used in present DGT devices (6 months). The field application revealed that the concentrations of DRP measured in three fresh water samples using the Zr-oxide DGT technique were in agreement with those of the traditional colorimetric method.     

Characterization and biodegradation kinetics of a new cold-adapted carbamazepine-degrading bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. CBZ-4

Carbamazepine is frequently detected in waters and hardly eliminated during conventional wastewater treatment processes due to its complicated chemical structure and resistance to biodegradation. A carbamazepine-degrading bacterium named CBZ-4 was isolated at a low temperature （10℃） from activated sludge in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Strain CBZ-4, which can use carbamazepine as its sole source of carbon and energy, was identified as Pseudomonas sp. by the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The composition and percentage of fatty acids, which can reveal the cold-adaptation mechanism of strain CBZ-4, were determined. Strain CBZ-4 can effectively degrade carbamazepine at optimal conditions： pH 7.0, 10℃, 150 r/min rotation speed, and 13% inoculation volume. The average removal rate of carbamazepine was 46.6% after 144 hr of incubation. The biodegradation kinetics of carbamazepine by CBZ-4 was fitted via the Monod model. Vmax and Ks were found to be 0.0094 hr^-1 and 32.5 mg/L, respectively.     

Removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution by hydrous manganese dioxide: Adsorption behavior and mechanism

Hydrous manganese dioxide (HMO) synthesized by redox of potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide was used as an adsorbent for Pb(Ⅱ) removal.The specific surface area,pore volume and BJH pore diameter of the HMO were 79.31m2/g,0.07cm3/g and 3.38 nm,respectively.The adsorption equilibrium at 298K could be well described by the Langmuir isotherm equation with q max value of 352.55mg/g.The negative values of G and the positive values of H and S indicated the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic.The pseudo second-order equation could best fit the adsorption data.The value of the calculated activation energy for Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption onto the HMO was 38.23 kJ/mol.The uptake of Pb(Ⅱ) by HMO was correlated with increasing surface hydroxyl group content and the main adsorbed speciation was PbOH+.The final chemical state of Pb(Ⅱ) on the surface of HMO was similar to PbO.HMO was a promising candidate for Pb(Ⅱ) removal from aqueous solution.     

两种天然矿物改性材料对模拟废水中Cd2+的吸附特性

为了提升天然非金属矿物对Cd2+的吸附性能,采用MT（蒙脱石）和HP（海泡石）为前驱材料,依次通过酸纯化和SDS（十二烷基磺酸钠）改性后合成了有机非金属矿物材料,利用扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、X射线荧光光谱分析（XRF）等手段对2种改性材料〔SDS-MT（十二烷基磺酸钠改性蒙脱石）和SDS-HP（十二烷基磺酸钠改性海泡石）〕吸附Cd2+的机制进行探究,并对吸附过程分别进行了动力学拟合和等温吸附方程拟合.结果表明:①SDS-MT和SDS-HP吸附模拟废水中Cd2+的效果分别比未改性的MT和HP平均提升约40%和19.5%. ②改性过程没有改变2种前驱材料的基本结构,但引起其元素质量分数、阳离子交换量和比表面积的改变. ③SDS-MT、SDS-HP对模拟废水中Cd2+的吸附量受溶液的pH影响较大,最大吸附量分别达16.54、9.24 mg/g,2种改性材料对模拟废水中Cd2+的吸附过程能较好地满足准二级动力学方程,并且其平衡传质时间较短. ④SDS-MT对模拟废水Cd2+的吸附模型较满足于Freundlich吸附等温模型,推测SDS-MT是一种有限吸附位点的吸附剂,吸附过程为单分子层吸附,而SDS-HP则较好的满足Langmuir吸附等温模型.研究显示,对2种天然非金属矿物材料的有机改性能够有效提升材料对Cd2+的吸附容量,发挥材料的实际运用价值.      

多孔SBA-15颗粒对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附缝合及其对土壤Cd(Ⅱ)的修复潜力

为拓展多孔硅酸盐等矿物材料在钝化土壤重金属中的应用,以Na2Si O_3为硅源,制备了二氧化硅多孔材料SBA-15,用透射电镜、X射线衍射、氮气吸附-解吸和红外光谱等手段对其结构进行了表征,并在此基础上,以批试验法研究了SBA-15对Cd(Ⅱ)吸附特征和缝合性能,并通过小青菜盆栽试验法探讨了其对土壤Cd的钝化潜力.结果表明,合成的SBA-15具有规则中孔特征,比表面积507.3 m2·g-1,孔径7.38 nm;体系pH≥7.0时,在100 mg·L~(-1)的Cd(Ⅱ)溶液中SBA-15的最大吸附量可达76.43 mg·g-1,吸附过程可用Langmuir模型描述,增加介质离子强度对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附具有抑制作用.吸附Cd(Ⅱ)后的SBA-15可以用0.1 mol·L~(-1)HNO_3进行再生,但当向吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的SBA-15中引入Na2Si O_3后,可以通过SBA-15的孔隙缝合有效地固定被吸附的Cd(Ⅱ),从而抑制Cd(Ⅱ)向环境中释放.小青菜盆栽试验表明,SBA-15对Cd(Ⅱ)污染土壤的改良效果明显,能有效地降低土壤有效态Cd(Ⅱ)的含量,促进土壤Cd水溶态和交换态向碳酸盐和铁锰氧化物结合态及残渣态的转化,抑制Cd(Ⅱ)在小青菜体内的积累,增加小青菜产量.研究表明,利用SBA-15的吸附缝合能力以SBA-15和Na2Si O_3配合使用,是进行土壤中Cd修复的有效方法.     

Mercury in an ultraoligotrophic North Patagonian Andean lake (Argentina): Concentration patterns in di erent components of the water column

The deep, ultraoligotrophic piedmont lakes of Northern Patagonia (Argentina) are located in pristine and barely impacted areas, along a wide latitudinal range. Several studies have reported moderate to high total mercury (Hg) concentrations and contrasting methylmercury (CH3Hg+) production in di erent lake compartments. Sources of Hg for western Patagonian terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are still not clear; while point sources can be ruled out and atmospheric deposition is a plausible source, along with contribution from active volcanic areas of the Andes. In this investigation, we reported a noticeably seasonal, spatial (between lake branches), and vertical (between water column strata) heterogeneity in the total Hg concentrations found in the pelagic zone of Lake Moreno. Sterile water samples taken in a depth profile of the lake showed moderate to high concentrations of CH3Hg+ in autumn with a decreasing trend with depth. Our results indicated that Hg is largely allocated in the plankton fraction between 10–53 m; which dominated within the euphotic (epilimnetic) zone of the lake due to the high densities attained by two species of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium. The 53–200 m planktonic size fraction (comprising rotifers, ciliates and immature stages of crustaceans) and the > 200 m fraction (calanoid copepods and cladocerans) were found to bear strikingly lower total Hg concentrations, suggesting that the magnification of Hg at the planktonic consumer level is negligible.     

硫酸盐还原菌在中水中的分离及生长特性研究

硫酸盐还原菌造成的金属管件腐蚀是一个重要的环境问题。本文通过测定细菌的生长曲线和硫酸盐还原率,研究了硫酸盐还原菌在实际中水中的生长情况以及中水在不同浓缩倍率下离子强度对硫酸盐还原菌生长的影响情况。试验所用单一菌种的硫酸盐还原菌分离纯化自使用城市中水作为循环冷却水补水的北京某热电厂冷却水塔底粘泥,结果显示,在试验条件下,该硫酸盐还原菌在实际中水中可以大量繁殖生长。生长阶段分别为指数生长期、稳定生长期和衰亡期。d3时细菌数量达到峰值,10d时硫酸盐还原率可以达到58.8%。培养环境pH值的变化情况能够反映硫酸盐还原菌的活性:SRB细菌活性强,pH值升高;细菌活性降低,pH值降低。另外,实际中水经浓缩后离子强度的增加对SRB的生长繁殖起到了促进作用。