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221.
Understanding global sea levels: past, present and future 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
John A. Church Neil J. White Thorkild Aarup W. Stanley Wilson Philip L. Woodworth Catia M. Domingues John R. Hunter Kurt Lambeck 《Sustainability Science》2008,3(1):9-22
The coastal zone has changed profoundly during the 20th century and, as a result, society is becoming increasingly vulnerable
to the impact of sea-level rise and variability. This demands improved understanding to facilitate appropriate planning to
minimise potential losses. With this in mind, the World Climate Research Programme organised a workshop (held in June 2006)
to document current understanding and to identify research and observations required to reduce current uncertainties associated
with sea-level rise and variability. While sea levels have varied by over 120 m during glacial/interglacial cycles, there
has been little net rise over the past several millennia until the 19th century and early 20th century, when geological and
tide-gauge data indicate an increase in the rate of sea-level rise. Recent satellite-altimeter data and tide-gauge data have
indicated that sea levels are now rising at over 3 mm year−1. The major contributions to 20th and 21st century sea-level rise are thought to be a result of ocean thermal expansion and
the melting of glaciers and ice caps. Ice sheets are thought to have been a minor contributor to 20th century sea-level rise,
but are potentially the largest contributor in the longer term. Sea levels are currently rising at the upper limit of the
projections of the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (TAR IPCC), and there is increasing
concern of potentially large ice-sheet contributions during the 21st century and beyond, particularly if greenhouse gas emissions
continue unabated. A suite of ongoing satellite and in situ observational activities need to be sustained and new activities
supported. To the extent that we are able to sustain these observations, research programmes utilising the resulting data
should be able to significantly improve our understanding and narrow projections of future sea-level rise and variability. 相似文献
222.
Kurt Wahlstedt Dan Norbäck Gunilla Wieslander Leni Skoglund Roma Runeson 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(3):311-321
A random sample of 1 000 subjects (20–65 years old) from the national population of Sweden received a questionnaire; 70% (n = 695) replied, of whom 532 were occupationally active. Female gender, working with neck and/or body bent forward, arms above shoulders, and precision work tasks were predictors of musculoskeletal symptoms. Neck, shoulder, and upper back symptoms were more common in a strained situation at work (high demands, low control) (adjusted odds ratios [adjOR] 2.76, 2.80, and 2.26, respectively). Among females, neck and shoulder symptoms were more common in an iso-strain situation (high demands, low control and low social support) (adjOR 4.43 and 3.69, respectively), and low back symptoms were more common at low social support combined with a passive work situation (adjOR 3.35). No associations were found between iso-strain model and symptoms among males. In conclusion, iso-strain work situation was associated with neck symptoms among females, even when controlling for ergonomic factors. 相似文献
223.
ABSTRACTThis study examines a community garden in Copenhagen, Denmark, "The Urban Integration Gardens" that endeavours to strengthen social integration in the local multicultural neighbourhood. The "community" in the gardens is explored, with a focus on how they foster social capital, particularly opportunities for "bridging" social capital. A mixed-methods approach is used, by employing a qualitative analysis of gardeners’ perceptions of "community", diversity and inclusivity, through the lens of "cognitive" social capital, and the meanings the gardeners assign to their experiences, and how they understand their involvement in the gardens. We also examine "structural" dimensions of social capital, involving quantitative data from a questionnaire and data from Statistics Denmark, comparing data concerning socio-demographic backgrounds from gardeners and residents in the local neighbourhood and Copenhagen. Major findings include that the garden generates both bonding and bridging "cognitive" social capital, and the gardeners consistently agreed that the garden has a strong community, and is permeated by diversity and inclusivity. Nonetheless, data from Denmark’s Statistics Office reveal that the garden does not "represent" the diversity in the neighbourhood regarding the distribution of members with a Western/non-Western background, as well as social class. This suggests that endeavours to involve co-citizens with non-Western backgrounds and gardeners with lower social status are restrained by potential structural barriers, which limits the "width" of bridging social capital in the garden. 相似文献
224.
Kelleci Orhan Aydemir Deniz Altuntas Ertuğrul Kurt Rıfat Oztel Ahmet Yorur Hüseyin Istek Abdullah 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2022,30(7):3091-3106
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - The aim of this study was to investigate the physical, mechanical, morphological, structural, and thermal properties of polylactic acid (PLA) and... 相似文献
225.
This study examines how both strong and weak relationship groups (groups with numerous, intense internal friendship ties and few, less intense internal friendship ties respectively) achieve high performance when utilizing strategies that capitalize on the strengths and minimizing the weaknesses associated with their internal social structure. We examine the interactions of groups' internal friendship networks with their external network structures (external ties) and internal intragroup conflict (constructive controversy). The results of a study using survey, archival and interview data on 35 groups of MBA students indicated that internal friendship networks interacted with constructive controversy and external networks to determine when groups would achieve superior performance. High performing strong relationship groups engaged in greater constructive controversy than low performing strong relationship groups, while constructive controversy appeared to have minimal effect on the performance of weak relationship groups. High performing weak relationship groups had fewer external bridging ties to other groups when compared to low performing weak relationship groups, while external bridging ties appeared to have minimal effect on the performance of strong relationship groups. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
226.
227.
In this paper railway accident investigation reports issued by the national accident investigation boards in three Scandinavian countries during a 2-year period have been systematically studied. Content analysis of attributed causes in these reports reveals a considerable emphasis on physical processes, actor activities and equipment (the microlevel). Much less attention is paid to organisational factors (the mesolevel) and conditions related to regulators, associations and government (the macrolevel). This means that lessons will primarily be learned about aspects at the lower of these levels. Interviews show that the factors emphasised in investigation reports typically reflect the competences and experiences of the investigators, i.e. they are inclined to focus on areas of their own expertise. Since failures at the microlevel in many cases merely are symptoms of trouble at higher levels, it is argued that competence among investigators that supplements entirely technical or operational backgrounds are necessary for enabling deeper understanding of the factors leading to accidents. One possible way for achieving this is the creation of multi-modal investigation boards that provide a number of potential advantages, such as increased access to specialist competences that are shared between different sectors. Although a multi-modal approach to some degree has been adopted in all three countries, interviews reveal that these positive effects do not emerge automatically. It can therefore be concluded that multi-modal investigation boards offer a number of possible advantages, but only when these synergies are fully exploited can they provide a potential for more effective learning from accidents. 相似文献
228.
Minke E. Newman Kurt P. McLaren Byron S. Wilson 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,172(1-4):391-406
Forest fragmentation is one of the most important threats to global biodiversity, particularly in tropical developing countries. Identifying priority areas for conservation within these forests is essential to their effective management. However, this requires current, accurate environmental information that is often lacking in developing countries. The Cockpit Country, Jamaica, contains forests of international importance in terms of levels of endemism and overall diversity. These forests are under severe threat from the prospect of bauxite mining and other anthropogenic disturbances. In the absence of adequate, up-to-date ecological information, we used satellite remote sensing data and fragmentation analysis to identify interior forested areas that have experienced little or no change as priority conservation sites. We classified Landsat images from 1985, 1989, 1995, 2002, and 2008, using an object-oriented method, which allowed for the inclusion of roads. We conducted our fragmentation analysis using metrics to quantify changes in forest patch number, area, shape, and aggregation. Deforestation and fragmentation fluctuated within the 23-year period but were mostly confined to the periphery of the forest, close to roads and access trails. An area of core forest that remained intact over the period of study was identified within the largest forest patch, most of which was located within the boundaries of a forest reserve and included the last remaining patches of closed-broadleaf forest. These areas should be given highest priority for conservation, as they constitute important refuges for endemic or threatened biodiversity. Minimizing and controlling access will be important in maintaining this core. 相似文献
229.
Kurt Deniz Acar Ali Çavuşoğlu Dilek Yalçin Emine Çavuşoğlu Kültiğin 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(39):54922-54935
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, the protective effects of trans-resveratrol (t-resv) against 1,4-dioxane-induced toxicity in meristematic cells were investigated. For... 相似文献
230.
Kurt Kreimes 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1996,8(5):287-292
A large number of suitable bioindication methods are available for ecological monitoring. Nevertheless, a deficit still exists in the methods for evaluating and presenting these results. Within the ecological Monitoring Network of Baden-Württemberg, bioindication techniques have been implemented since 1984. A special concept has been developed which enables an integrated evaluation from the partial models investigated. The aim is the development of an “Ecological Quality Map” for Baden-Württemberg through which the environmental pollution situation can be documented from both a regional and a chronological point of view. 相似文献