利用模拟和分析历史资料的方法根据《欧洲水框架指令》评价参考条件:以丹麦兰讷斯峡湾为例

<欧洲水框架指令>(WFD)要求确定所有地表水的参考条件,即原始条件.鉴于丹麦沿岸水域的目前状态不能被称为是原始的,因此,必须通过分析历史资料或利用模型来评价参考条件.以兰讷斯峡湾为例,本文的目的是①论证通过历史资料和模拟评价参考条件的可能性和限制因素;②论证生态条件是如何随着富营养化而改变的.来自兰讷斯峡湾的充分历史资料使我们能够评价与底栖大型植物和底栖动物有关的参考条件.具有不同复杂性的模型使我们能够评价营养物质、叶绿素α、透明度板深度以及大叶藻等的参考条件.我们断定,模型是评价参考条件的有益补充,尽管它们目前由于缺乏富营养化和物种组成之间的定量联系而受到限制.     

Simulating secondary succession of elk forage values in a managed forest landscape,western Washington

Modern timber management practices often influence forage production for elk (Cervus elaphus) on broad temporal and spatial scales in forested landscapes. We incorporated site-specific information on postharvesting forest succession and forage characteristics in a simulation model to evaluate past and future influences of forest management practices on forage values for elk in a commercially managed Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii, PSME)-western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla, TSHE) forest in western Washington. We evaluated future effects of: (1) clear-cut logging 0, 20, and 40% of harvestable stands every five years; (2) thinning 20-year-old Douglas fir forests; and (3) reducing the harvesting cycle from 60 to 45 years. Reconstruction of historical patterns of vegetation succession indicated that forage values peaked in the 1960s and declined from the 1970s to the present, but recent values still were higher than may have existed in the unmanaged landscape in 1945. Increased forest harvesting rates had little short-term influence on forage trends because harvestable stands were scarce. Simulations of forest thinning also produced negligible benefits because thinning did not improve forage productivity appreciably at the stand level. Simulations of reduced harvesting cycles shortened the duration of declining forage values from approximately 30 to 15 years. We concluded that simulation models are useful tools for examining landscape responses of forage production to forest management strategies, but the options examined provided little potential for improving elk forages in the immediate future.     

USE OF A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM TO ASSEMBLE INPUT-DATA SETS FOR A FINITE-DIFFERENCE MODEL OF GROUND-WATER FLOW1

ABSTRACT: A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to expedite assembly of input-data sets for a model of ground-water flow in the Middle Patuxent River basin in Howard County, Maryland. The model grid was developed with GIS and used to select attributes from GIS data coverages. These attributes were then output from GIS into the input-data sets, which included model boundaries, regolith thickness, bedrock-surface altitude, stream locations, stream length, stream-bottom altitude, and trans-missivity. The ability to change large sets of spatial data quickly and accurately with GIS enhances the model-calibration process. (KEY TERMS: GIS; ground water; Piedmont; Maryland; MODFLOW.)     

Development of a unique topology for a hard-turning micro-scale machine tool

A micro-scale machine tool (mMT) topology is developed for turning hardened steel bearing components. The topology utilizes the principle of leverage to increase accuracy and stiffness and incorporates decoupling to reduce unwanted motion of the tool. Performance specifications required that the static stiffness is at least 10 N/μm and dynamic stiffness is at least 30 N/μm in all directions. The kinematics for the topology are developed to enable control over the position and orientation of the tool tip. The effect of the topology on rake angle is determined and the topology is adjusted so as to minimize the rake angle variation during the cut. Cutting tests are performed to determine cutting parameters for achieving a low surface roughness and to estimate the accuracy of the machine. Tests show that the hard-turning mMT can achieve surface roughness below 25 nm Ra, diametrical accuracy of 1 μm and peak-to-valley roundness deviation (RONt) below 0.35 μm.     

LAND COVER AS A FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING RISK OF WATER POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: A survey of numerous field studies shows that nitrogen and phosphorous export coefficients are significantly different across forest, agriculture, and urban land‐cover types. We used simulations to estimate the land‐cover composition at which there was a significant risk of nutrient loads representative of watersheds without forest cover. The results suggest that at between 20 percent and 30 percent nonforest cover, there is a 10 percent or greater chance of N or P nutrient loads being equivalent to the median values of predominantly agricultural or urban watersheds. The methods apply to environmental management for assessing the risk to increased nonpoint nutrient pollution. Interpretation of the risk measures are discussed relative to their application for a single watershed and across a region comprised of several watersheds.     

Impact of desiccation and heat exposure stress on Salmonella tolerance to acidic conditions

In a recent study, the pH of commonly used Salmonella pre-enrichment media became acidic (pH 4.0 to 5.0) when feed or feed ingredients were incubated for 24 h. Acidic conditions have been reported to injure or kill Salmonella. In this study, cultures of four known feed isolates (S. montevideo, S. senftenberg, S. tennessee, and S. schwarzengrund) and four important processing plant isolates (S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. infantis, and S. heidelberg) were grown on meat and bone meal and later subjected to desiccation and heat exposure to stress the microorganism. The impact of stress on the isolates ability to survive in acidic conditions ranging from pH 4.0 to 7.0 was compared to the non-stressed isolate. Cell injury was determined on xylose lysine tergitol 4 (XLT4) and cell death determined on nutrient agar (NA). When measured by cell death in non-stressed Salmonella, S. typhimurium was the most acid tolerant and S. heidelberg was the most acid sensitive whereas in stressed Salmonella, S. senftenberg was the most acid tolerant and S. tennessee was the most acid sensitive. The pH required to cause cell injury varied among isolates. With some isolates, the pH required for 50% cell death and 50% cell injury was similar. In other isolates, cell injury occurred at a more neutral pH. These findings suggest that the pH of pre-enrichment media may influence the recovery and bias the serotype of Salmonella recovered from feed during pre-enrichment.