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Polluting substances are spread as a consequence of the construction and use of roads. This article provides a summary of
the substances with which traffic pollutes the environment on a local, regional and global level. The mechanisms of dispersion
of pollutants to soil and groundwater are described. Based on environmental quality requirements established in rules and
regulations in the Netherlands, the paper discusses mitigating measures necessary to limit the distribution of pollutants
along highways. Most of the data in this article come from original research carried out by or by order of the Road and Hydraulic
Institute. For comparison, other data from the Netherlands have been included. It is shown that source-oriented measures (volume
and technical) will have more effect on environmental quality than measures with regard to treating runoff. The use of porous
asphalt instead of nonporous asphalt on highways in the Netherlands has environmental benefits. The article also pays attention
to combined use of the roadside verges for treatment of runoff using ecological engineering techniques in the form of natural
processes in helophyte filter systems in combination with enhancement of ecological values along highways. 相似文献
42.
Ido DE Groot 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):679-681
This paper attempts to bring together the findings relative to people’s attitudes about air pollution from a series of studies conducted by or for the U. S. Public Health Service. Trends are noted. These findings are presented in the light of planning for the implementation of air pollution abatement measures and probable public reactions to them. Further research needs are pointed out. Special emphasis is placed on the control officer’s needs for this type of information, its derivation, and its possible use in programming. 相似文献
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YVES BASSET OLIVIER MISSA ALFONSO ALONSO SCOTT E. MILLER GIANFRANCO CURLETTI MARC DE MEYER CONNAL EARDLEY OWEN T. LEWIS MERVYN W. MANSELL VOJTECH NOVOTNY THOMAS WAGNER 《Conservation biology》2008,22(6):1552-1563
Abstract: Searching for indicator taxa representative of diverse assemblages, such as arthropods, is an important objective of many conservation studies. We evaluated the impacts of a wide gradient of disturbance in Gabon on a range of arthropod assemblages representing different feeding guilds. We examined 4 × 105 arthropod individuals from which 21 focal taxa were separated into 1534 morphospecies. Replication included the understory of 3 sites in each of 4 different stages of forest succession and land use (i.e., habitats) after logging (old and young forests, savanna, and gardens). We used 3 complementary sampling methods to survey sites throughout the year. Overall differences in arthropod abundance and diversity were greatest between forest and open habitats, and cleared forest invaded by savanna had the lowest abundance and diversity. The magnitude of faunal differences was much smaller between old and young forests. When considered at this local scale, anthropogenic modification of habitats did not result in a monotonous decline of diversity because many herbivore pests and their associated predators and parasitoids were abundant and diverse in gardens, where plant productivity was kept artificially high year‐round through watering and crop rotation. We used a variety of response variables to measure the strength of correlations across survey locations among focal taxa. These could be ranked as follows in terms of decreasing number of significant correlations: species turnover > abundance > observed species richness > estimated species richness > percentage of site‐specific species. The number of significant correlations was generally low and apparently unrelated to taxonomy or guild structure. Our results emphasize the value of reporting species turnover in conservation studies, as opposed to simply measuring species richness, and that the search for indicator taxa is elusive in the tropics. One promising alternative might be to consider “predictor sets” of a small number of taxa representative of different functional groups, as identified in our study. 相似文献
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RÔMULO ROMEU DA NÓBREGA ALVES GENTIL ALVES PEREIRA FILHO YURI CLÁUDIO CORDEIRO DE LIMA 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2007,9(4):455-464
This paper documents zootherapeutic practices in Northeast Brazil. It is primarily based on field surveys carried out in fishing villages located in the States of Maranhão and Paraíba, where dwellers provided information on snake species used as medicine, body parts used to prepare the remedies, and the illnesses to which the remedies were prescribed. The species used as medicinal drug and their respective families were: Crotalus durissus (rattlesnake), Bothrops leucurus (‘lance head’, a venomous snake), and Lachesis muta (bushmaster) of the family Crotalidae; and Boa constrictor (boa constrictor), Epicrates cenchria (‘salamanta’), and Eunectes murinus (anaconda) of the family (Boidae). These zootherapeutical resources were used for the cure of 14 illnesses. The most commonly cited species were Crotalus durissus (n=26) e Boa constrictor (n=6), Apparently, the medicinal use of snakes does not pose a threat for their population in the studied sites. 相似文献