RO浓水-废水联合培养小球藻的实验研究

为了实现微藻培养基的低成本化和废水资源化利用多重目的的耦合,对反渗透浓缩液(RO浓水)作为培养基培养小球藻(Chlorella sp.)的可行性及其影响因素进行了探讨。实验取一级、二级处理出水和消化反应上清液及3种废水与RO浓水混合液制成6种培养基培养小球藻,探究最佳培养基;在此基础上探究浓度与温度对小球藻生长的影响。结果表明,培养15 d后,3种添加了RO浓水的培养基比3种纯废水培养基更有利于小球藻的生长,其中消化反应上清液-RO浓水混合液是最佳培养基;浓水浓度0%~90%的该混合液中小球藻生物量增加315%~780%,且小球藻的生物量表现为随RO浓水浓度的增大先增加后减小的变化趋势,30%是小球藻最佳培养浓度;在10、20和30℃下,浓度0%~90%的培养基中小球藻生物量增加了140%~570%,各浓度中的小球藻均在20℃下生长最好。     

Standardisation of Temperature Observed by Automatic Weather Stations

Daily mean, maximum and minimum surface airtemperature data were gathered from a network ofautomatic weather stations (AWS) within the Moor HouseNational Nature Reserve in northern England. Five AWSwere installed next to the official EnvironmentalChange Network weather station at Moor House. Datawere compared graphically and correction constantswere calculated to adjust data from each AWS to thestandard of the official station by optimising theconcordance correlation coefficient. Each correctedstation was re-located next to one of five in-situstations in and around the reserve, allowingcorrection of all temperature sensors to a commonstandard. The mean error associated with measureddaily mean, maximum and minimum temperature for eachsensor does not exceed ±0.2 K. The procedurequantifies a source of systematic measurement error,improving the identification of spatial temperaturedifferences between stations.     

A comparison of the particle track and α-spectrometric techniques in excess thorium-230 dating of Eastern Atlantic pelagic sediments

The particle track analysis and α-spectrometric techniques have been applied to a comparative study of excess ²³⁰Th dating of three deep-sea cores from the Eastern Atlantic. Both methods yield similar sediment accumulation rates. Limitations of the α-track phase of the particle track detection process, arising from the non-specific determination of ²³⁰Th and from the mobility of some alpha-emitting daughters, suggest that details of the sedimentation record may fail to be identified. The conventional radiochemical technique, on the other hand, specifically isolates all the radionuclides of interest but at the expense of a more complex experimental procedure and a longer sample processing time. The combined particle track technique (i.e. α and fission track analyses) therefore seems excellently suited to a complementary role in tandem with the α-spectrometric method of ²³⁰Th dating. Uranium determination by the fission track technique is accurate and rapid, showing good agreement with the α-spectrometric method.     

Community motivations to engage in conservation behavior to conserve the Sumatran orangutan

Community‐based conservation programs in developing countries are often based on the assumption that heteronomous motivation (e.g., extrinsic incentives such as economic rewards and pressure or coercion to act) will incite local communities to adopt conservation behaviors. However, this may not be as effective or sustainable as autonomous motivations (e.g., an intrinsic desire to act due to inherent enjoyment or self‐identification with a behavior and through freedom of choice). We analyzed the comparative effectiveness of heteronomous versus autonomous approaches to community‐based conservation programs through a case study of Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) conservation in 3 villages in Indonesia. Each village had a different conservation program design. We surveyed people (n = 240) to determine their motivations for and behavior changes relative to orangutan and orangutan habitat (forest) protection. Heteronomous motivations (e.g., income from tourism) led to greater self‐reporting of behavior change toward orangutan protection. However, they did not change self‐reported behavior toward forest (i.e., orangutan habitat) protection. The most effective approach to creating self‐reported behavior change throughout the community was a combination of autonomous and heteronomous motivations. Individuals who were heteronomously motivated to protect the orangutan were more likely to have changed attitudes than to have changed their self‐reported behavior. These findings demonstrate that the current paradigm of motivating communities in developing countries to adopt conservation behaviors primarily through monetary incentives and rewards should consider integrating autonomous motivational techniques that promote the intrinsic values of conservation. Such a combination has a greater potential to achieve sustainable and cost‐effective conservation outcomes. Our results highlight the importance of using in‐depth sociopsychological analyses to inform the design and implementation of community‐based conservation programs.     

Quantity and quality: unifying food web and ecosystem perspectives on the role of resource subsidies in freshwaters

Although the study of resource subsidies has emerged as a key topic in both ecosystem and food web ecology, the dialogue over their role has been limited by separate approaches that emphasize either subsidy quantity or quality. Considering quantity and quality together may provide a simple, but previously unexplored, framework for identifying the mechanisms that govern the importance of subsidies for recipient food webs and ecosystems. Using a literature review of > 90 studies of open-water metabolism in lakes and streams, we show that high-flux, low-quality subsidies can drive freshwater ecosystem dynamics. Because most of these ecosystems are net heterotrophic, allochthonous inputs must subsidize respiration. Second, using a literature review of subsidy quality and use, we demonstrate that animals select for high-quality food resources in proportions greater than would be predicted based on food quantity, and regardless of allochthonous or autochthonous origin. This finding suggests that low-flux, high-quality subsidies may be selected for by animals, and in turn may disproportionately affect food web and ecosystem processes (e.g., animal production, trophic energy or organic matter flow, trophic cascades). We then synthesize and review approaches that evaluate the role of subsidies and explicitly merge ecosystem and food web perspectives by placing food web measurements in the context of ecosystem budgets, by comparing trophic and ecosystem production and fluxes, and by constructing flow food webs. These tools can and should be used to address future questions about subsidies, such as the relative importance of subsidies to different trophic levels and how subsidies may maintain or disrupt ecosystem stability and food web interactions.     

Ecosystem ecology meets adaptive management: food web response to a controlled flood on the Colorado River, Glen Canyon

Large dams have been constructed on rivers to meet human demands for water, electricity, navigation, and recreation. As a consequence, flow and temperature regimes have been altered, strongly affecting river food webs and ecosystem processes. Experimental high-flow dam releases, i.e., controlled floods, have been implemented on the Colorado River, U.S.A., in an effort to reestablish pulsed flood events, redistribute sediments, improve conditions for native fishes, and increase understanding of how dam operations affect physical and biological processes. We quantified secondary production and organic matter flows in the food web below Glen Canyon dam for two years prior and one year after an experimental controlled flood in March 2008. Invertebrate biomass and secondary production declined significantly following the flood (total biomass, 55% decline; total production, 56% decline), with most of the decline driven by reductions in two nonnative invertebrate taxa, Potamopyrgus antipodarum and Gammarus lacustris. Diatoms dominated the trophic basis of invertebrate production before and after the controlled flood, and the largest organic matter flows were from diatoms to the three most productive invertebrate taxa (P. antipodarum, G. lacustris, and Tubificida). In contrast to invertebrates, production of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) increased substantially (194%) following the flood, despite the large decline in total secondary production of the invertebrate assemblage. This counterintuitive result is reconciled by a post-flood increase in production and drift concentrations of select invertebrate prey (i.e., Chironomidae and Simuliidae) that supported a large proportion of trout production but had relatively low secondary production. In addition, interaction strengths, measured as species impact values, were strongest between rainbow trout and these two taxa before and after the flood, demonstrating that the dominant consumer-resource interactions were not necessarily congruent with the dominant organic matter flows. Our study illustrates the value of detailed food web analysis for elucidating pathways by which dam management may alter production and strengths of species interactions in river food webs. We suggest that controlled floods may increase production of nonnative rainbow trout, and this information can be used to help guide future dam management decisions.     

Medical aspects of volcanic disasters: An outline of the hazards and emergency response measures

The health and safety hazards posed by volcanic eruptions are outlined with special reference to experience gained from the eruptions of Mount St. Helens in 1980. The ability of volcanologists to predict the timing and the impact on local communities of an impending eruption are limited, some recent devastating eruptions having occurred without apparent warning. With the expansion of world populations into hazardous volcanic areas there is a growing need to develop appropriate emergency response measures. This paper describes the main preventive public and occupational health measures that are now a necessary part in dealing with volcanic emergencies.     

Bromine and iodine in 1997 UK total diet study samples

Concentrations of bromine and iodine were analysed in samples from the 1997 UK Total Diet Study (TDS) using ICP-MS. The data has been used to estimate dietary exposures of UK consumers to these elements from the typical UK diet. Samples for the 20 TDS food groups were obtained from 20 towns in the UK in 1997 and analysed in 1998/99 for total bromine and total iodine concentrations. These samples were also analysed for 12 other elements. The UK regulatory authority had considered iodine recently, but had not considered bromine before. This survey provides up-to-data baseline data for those two elements. Iodine concentrations are similar to those found in recent surveys. Levels of bromine were consistent with previous data where available. Dietary exposures to bromine and iodine were calculated to see if there were any risks to health from the levels of these elements found in the UK diet. The estimated population average exposure to iodine was 0.25 mg d-1, which is within the range of previous estimates (1995, 0.21 mg d-1; 1991, 0.17 mg d-1; 1985, 0.28 mg d-1). The estimated population average exposure to bromine was 3.6 mg d-1.     

Strategic Routeing and Environmental Impact Assessment for Overhead Electrical Transmission Lines

High-voltage, high-capacity overhead lines are the economic and reliable choice for the bulk transmission of electricity throughout the world. The routeing of transmission lines is a complex process, and in the UK requires a balance to be struck between statutory obligations, engineering requirements, economic viability, land use and the environment. Transmission line routeing projects can rightly generate considerable public interest and debate, but issues often focus on local effects such as visual amenity rather than the wider benefits of the project to society as a whole. Given the extent of their public and regulatory scrutiny, the environmental statements of such schemes must be objective and transparent in the approach adopted to the routeing strategy. The approach outlined is based on the premise that the major effect of an overhead transmission line is visual and the degree of visual intrusion can be reduced through careful routeing.