Nano-selenium controlled cadmium accumulation and improved photosynthesis in indica rice cultivated in lead and cadmium combined paddy soils

Selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) are less toxic and more biocompatible than selenite or selenate. However, studies involving spraying with Se NPs for reducing accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in rice grains have been rarely reported as yet. Herein, indica rice seedlings cultivated in Cd+Pb-spiked paddy soils (denoted as positive control) were sprayed with Se NPs sols for four times from tillering to booting stage. Compared to positive control, 50–100 μmol/L Se NPs downregulated Cd transporters-related genes such as OsLCT1, OsHMA2 and OsCCX2 in leaves and OsLCT1, OsPCR1 and OsCCX2 genes in node I at filling stage. Meanwhile, Se-binding protein 1 was distinctly elevated, involving the repression of Cd and Pb transportation to rice grains. Se NPs also differentially improved RuBP carboxylase and chlorophylls especially some key genes and proteins involving photosynthetic system. Besides, 25–50 μmol/L Se NPs diminished reactive oxygen species overproduction from NADPH oxidases whereas boosted glutathione peroxidase, reducing protein carbonylation in rice seedlings. However, the antioxidant isozymes and oxidatively modified proteins were slightly rebounded at 100 μmol/L. Se contents were noticeably elevated and confirmed to exist as selenomethionine in the rice grains following all the treatments by Se NPs. Thus, the optimal dosage of Se NPs for foliar application is 50 μmol/L, which significantly decreased Cd accumulation, improved photosynthesis and Se enrichment whereas caused no distinct reduction of Pb in the grains. Thus, an appropriate dosage of Se NPs can be conducted to decrease Cd accumulation, improve photosynthesis, and organic Se contents in rice grains.     

Improvement of detection method of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in reclaimed water

Cryptosporidium and Giardia are two typical species of pathogenic protozoans that seriously endanger water quality. Previous works indicated that detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia with modified United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) method-1623 using a membrane filtration-elution for sample concentration attained better recovery and lower cost compared to the USEPA method-1623. Several improvements of membrane filtration-elution step as well as immunomagnetic separation (IMS) steps were investigated and an optimized method for detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater reclamation system was recommended in this paper. The experimental results show that an overnight soak of the membrane after scraping and vortex agitation before elution could enhance and stabilize the recovery. Increasing turbidity to 4 NTU by adding kaolin clay before filtration could effectively improve the recovery of low-turbidity water. Washing the concentrate after centrifugation and twice acid dissociation both reduced the impact of water quality to protozoan recovery. Protozoans in different water samples were determined by this optimized method, and the recovery of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were above 70% and 80% respectively, much higher than the acceptance of method-1623. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(12): 2547–2552 [译自: 环境科学]     

铜尾矿坝不同恢复年限土壤理化性质和酶活性的特征

金属矿产资源开采使尾矿坝迅速升高,矿区生态环境遭到严重破坏.土壤理化性质和酶活性是衡量生态系统功能的重要指标,可作为评价土壤恢复质量的重要因子.以山西省垣曲县十八河铜尾矿区9个尾矿子坝作为研究对象,分析不同恢复年限子坝土壤理化性质与土壤酶活性之间的关系.结果表明,不同恢复年限子坝的土壤理化性质差异较大,随着恢复年限的增加,土壤养分含量显著升高.过氧化氢酶与碳氮比显著负相关,脲酶与总氮含量和土壤含水量均显著正相关,磷酸酶和蔗糖酶与土壤理化因子之间无显著关系.土壤中铜含量随子坝恢复年限增加而逐渐累积,砷和镉含量先增加后降低,恢复后期逐渐达到稳定水平,各子坝的土壤锌含量无显著差异.为铜尾矿区的土壤生态系统恢复及退化机制的研究提供一定的生态学依据.     

Analysis of PFAAs in American alligators part 2: Potential dietary exposure of South Carolina hunters from recreationally harvested alligator meat

Exposure to perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) has been linked to many harmful health effects including reproductive disorders, developmental delays, and altered liver and kidney function. Most human exposure to environmental contaminants, including PFAAs, occurs through consumption of contaminated food or drinking water. This study uses PFAA data from meat samples collected from recreationally harvested American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in South Carolina to assess potential dietary exposure of hunters and their families to PFAAs. Consumption patterns were investigated using intercept surveys of 23 hunters at a wild game meat processor. An exposure scenario using the average consumption frequency, portion size, and median perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) concentration in alligator meat from all hunt units found the daily dietary exposure to be 2.11 ng/kg body weight per day for an adult human. Dietary PFOS exposure scenarios based on location of harvest suggested the highest daily exposure occurs with alligator meat from the Middle Coastal hunt unit in South Carolina. Although no samples were found to exceed the recommended threshold for no consumption of PFOS found in Minnesota state guidelines, exposure to a mixture of PFAAs found in alligator meat and site-specific exposures based on harvest location should be considered in determining an appropriate guideline for vulnerable populations potentially exposed to PFAAs through consumption of wild alligator meat.     

初始pH值和物料配比对高温混料厌氧发酵进程的影响

为了研究高温条件下初始p H对厌氧发酵进程的影响,以猪粪、玉米秸秆为发酵原料,设置3种比例(干物质质量比30∶70、50∶50、70∶30)下6个水平(6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0的初始p H值以及一个不调控初始p H的处理作为对照)进行批次发酵试验.结果表明,初始p H值和物料配比都会显著影响厌氧发酵过程的启动时间和甲烷产量.当初始p H值为7.0时,VS降解率趋于稳定.COD去除率随着粪便含量的增加而逐渐降低.高温猪粪玉米秸秆混合发酵最佳挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)/碱度比值范围为0.05~0.3;猪粪可以作为一种缓冲材料,适量添加可增大消化系统的缓冲能力.通过建模优化,预测出当初始p H值为6.95、猪粪/玉米秆为70∶30时,可得到每克挥发性固体最大理论单位甲烷产量169.22 m L·g-1.     

Effect of temperature and oxygen on the formation of chlorobenzene as the indicator of PCDD/Fs

Sampling and analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) are both time-consuming and expensive. In principle,real-time monitoring of chlorobenzene(CBz) as an indicator for PCDD/Fs could be useful to control and optimize incinerator operating conditions.To test this strategy,CBz was analyzed together with PCDD/Fs in flue gas samples collected from a hospital waste incinerator.Moreover,lab experiments were conducted to investigate the eect of temperature and oxygen on CBz formation from fly ash from the same incinerator.The experimental results demonstrate that chlorobenzene(in particular PeCBz) correlate well with PCDD/Fs,in line with previous research.The optimum temperature of CBz formation is in a range of 350 to 400°C and CBz yield increases significantly with oxygen,in line with PCDD/Fs formation.This study is useful for confirming the de novo mechanism and defining correlations between CBz and PCDD/Fs.     

Anaerobic digestion for waste water poultry manure by UBF reactor

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阳宗海生态环境需水量及环境功能解析

阳宗海是典型的高原湖泊,为实现阳宗海流域的生态功能与水资源最优管理,通过环境背景调查及湖泊生态环境需水量功能计算模型,从湖泊蒸发需水量、湖泊自身存在需水量、生物栖息地需水量、湖泊净化需水量、湖泊渗漏需水量、沿湖绿地需水量6个方面,对阳宗海生态环境需水量进行了研究。结果表明:在20%、50%、80%三种保证率条件下,湖泊净化需水量占阳宗海生态环境需水量的95%左右,说明阳宗海生态环境需水主要用于满足湖泊稀释自净;从湖泊环境功能角度分析,即阳宗海目前主要环境功能为稀释净化其入湖污染物,不符合其目标环境功能。同时,由阳宗海生态环境需水量与其对应蓄水量可知,阳宗海流域只有少量的可供水量,附近居民区及各种产业的发展,降低了整个湖泊的可供水量。     

广州珠江表层沉积物中石油烃分布特征研究

对珠江广州段7个采样点的表层沉积物中的石油烃浓度进行了测定,结果表明广州珠江表层沉积物中的石油烃污浓度水平在288.62~725.13μg/g之间。市区南航道、后航道浓度相对较高,前航道黄埔涌口(Ⅶ号点)附近石油烃浓度已接近海洋第二类沉积物标准值;西航道至前航道和南航道、平洲水道至后航道沿程石油类浓度与有机质含量逐渐升高,说明广州市区是造成石油及有机污染的主要区域。与有机质含量及沉积物粒度的相关性分析发现,表层沉积物中石油烃浓度与有机质水平存在非常显著的正相关关系(相关系数r=0.987,P<0.01);与粘粒组分存在显著的正相关关系,相关系数(r=0.885,P<0.05),而与砂粒组分成非常显著的负相关关系(r=-0.919,P<0.01)。