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221.
222.
The link between individual habitat selection decisions (i.e., mechanism) and the resulting population distributions of dispersing organisms (i.e., outcome) has been little-studied in behavioural ecology. Here we consider density-dependent habitat (i.e., host) selection for an energy- and time-limited forager: the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins). We present a dynamic state variable model of individual beetle host selection behaviour, based on an individual’s energy state. Field data are incorporated into model parameterization which allows us to determine the effects of host availability (with respect to host size, quality, and vigour) on individuals’ decisions. Beetles choose larger trees with thicker phloem across a larger proportion of the state-space than smaller trees with thinner phloem, but accept lower quality trees more readily at low energy- and time-states. In addition, beetles make habitat selection decisions based on host availability, conspecific attack densities, and beetle distributions within a forest stand. This model provides a framework for the development of a spatial game model to examine the implications of these results for attack dynamics of beetle populations. 相似文献
223.
Cochrane Logan Cundill Georgina Ludi Eva New Mark Nicholls Robert J. Wester Philippus Cantin Bernard Murali Kallur Subrammanyam Leone Michele Kituyi Evans Landry Marie-Eve 《Regional Environmental Change》2017,17(5):1553-1561
Regional Environmental Change - The reality of global climate change demands novel approaches to science that are reflective of the scales at which changes are likely to occur, and of the new forms... 相似文献
224.
Christian Hermans Ann C. Vandaele Michel Carleer Sophie Fally Réginald Colin Alain Jenouvrier Bernard Coquart Marie-France Mérienne 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1999,6(3):151-158
Absorption spectroscopy, which is widely used for concentration measurements of tropospheric and stratospheric compounds,
requires precise values of the absorption cross-sections of the measured species. NO2, O2 and its collision-induced absorption spectrum, and H2O absorption cross-sections have been measured at temperature and pressure conditions prevailing in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Corrections to the generally accepted analysis procedures used to resolve the convolution problem are also proposed. 相似文献
225.
226.
Virginie Le Masson Colette Benoudji Sandra Sotelo Reyes Giselle Bernard 《Disasters》2019,43(Z3):S245-S270
What consequences does ‘everyday violence’ have on the abilities of survivors to protect themselves from further risks? This paper seeks to establish the linkages between violence and people's resilience capacities to survive and adapt to environmental changes, particularly those living in fragile economic and political contexts such as Chad. It investigates not only how the adverse consequences of violence against women and girls affect the health status and livelihoods of survivors, but also their capacities, and those of their household and community members, to further protect themselves from other risks. Empirical evidence collected in Chad as part of the BRACED (Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Disasters) programme shows that ‘everyday violence’ undermines resilience‐building at the individual, household, and community level. These results have serious implications for development programmes and the role they need to play to better promote both gender equality and resilience to shocks and stresses. 相似文献
227.
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and lindane were used as insecticides since 1949s. They were progressively banished in most of
the nations in the world, because of the their persistence and their potential toxicity and carcinogenicity. They are still
occurring in the environment. These insecticides and isomers (α-HCH, β-HCH…) were detected in all media, e.g. soils, sediments,
potable water, vegetables, human and animal tissues and air. In this review, we present the synthesis of the analytical procedures
and materials used to determine the HCHs isomers in media such as vegetables, human tissues, animals tissues and rations.
The analytical techniques which are presented permit to select the best analytical conditions to detect HCHs isomers. 相似文献
228.
Matt Fortnam Molly Atkins Katrina Brown Tomas Chaigneau Ankje Frouws Kemyline Gwaro Mark Huxham James Kairo Amon Kimeli Bernard Kirui Katy Sheen 《Ambio》2021,50(1):174
The 2015–2016 El Niño had large impacts globally. The effects were not as great as anticipated in Kenya, however, leading some commentators to call it a ‘non-event’. Our study uses a novel combination of participatory Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis tools, and new and existing social and biophysical data, to analyse vulnerability to, and the multidimensional impacts of, the 2015–2016 El Niño episode in southern coastal Kenya. Using a social-ecological systems lens and a unique dataset, our study reveals impacts overlooked by conventional analysis. We show how El Niño stressors interact with and amplify existing vulnerabilities to differentially impact local ecosystems and people. The policy significance of this finding is that the development of specific national capacities to deal with El Niño events is insufficient; it will be necessary to also address local vulnerabilities to everyday and recurrent stressors and shocks to build resilience to the effects of El Niño and other extremes in climate and weather.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01321-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
229.
Maud Leriche Didier Voisin Nadine Chaumerliac Anne Monod Bernard Aumont 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2000,34(29-30)
A multiphase box model for a remote environment of the troposphere has been developed with an explicit chemistry for both gas and aqueous phase. The model applied to a set of measurements performed by Voisin et al. (2000) during the European CIME experiment for a cloud event on 13th December 1997 at the top of the Puy de Dôme (France). The results of the simulation are compared to the measurements in order to follow the evolution of the ambient chemical composition as a function of the pH and of the varying water content. After verifying that the model retrieves the main features observed in the behavior of species in the cloud droplets, a detailed analysis of the simulated chemical regime is performed. It essentially discusses the sources and sinks of radical in aqueous phase, the relative importance of the oxidation pathways of volatile organic compounds by the main radicals and the conversion of S(IV) into S(VI) which seems to be influenced by the presence of peroxonitric acid, HNO4, in aqueous phase in the environmental conditions that are considered with low H2O2. These numerical results are then compared with the theoretical study from Herrmann et al. (2000), who proposed a slightly different mechanism, including C2 chemistry and transition metal chemistry whereas they neglect some reaction pathways, such as the one involving OHCH2O2 radical. This double confrontation between model results and both real experimental data and numerical results from Herrmann et al. (1999c) underlines limitations of such modeling approach that does not include any dynamical or microphysical coupling but also demonstrates its capability to identify the main oxidants or reactants in aqueous phase in real environmental conditions more realistic than a purely theoretical approach. The originality of this study resides in the explicit and exhaustive ways the chemical reactions are treated in aqueous phase and in a first attempt to compare such a detailed chemical scheme to real environmental conditions. 相似文献
230.
Graves JE Richardson ME Bernard RS Camper ND Bridges WC 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2002,37(2):103-112
The effect of low levels of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) on in vitro oocyte maturation, in vitro capacitation of sperm, or in vitro fertilization of bovine oocytes and on the quality of blastocyst formation was studied. Bovine oocytes collected from abattoir ovaries were matured, fertilized, and developed to the blastocyst stage in vitro. Embryos that reached a morula or blastocyst stage were stained with Hoechst 33258 stain to determine the number of blastomeres per embryo. Three bulls whose fertilization rates were proven consistent among straws were used for this study. Atrazine was tested at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 microM in either the maturation medium, sperm capacitation medium, or the fertilization medium. Because atrazine was dissolved in ethanol, an ethanol control was used to determine any possible effects of ethanol on the in vitro process. The addition of atrazine to both the maturation and fertilization media did not result in any significant difference in fertilization rates between the controls and the treatments. In the capacitation medium, a significant difference between the controls and the atrazine levels of 0.1, 1, and 10 microM was noted for one bull. Atrazine did not affect the number of blastomeres per embryo. There was not a significant difference (p>0.05) in the number of blastomeres per embryo between the controls and the different levels of atrazine in each medium. This study indicates that low levels of atrazine do not have an effect on in vitro fertilization rates or the number of blastomeres per embryo produced in vitro. 相似文献