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11.
Biomonitoring zur wirkungsbezogenen Ermittlung der Schadstoffbelastung in terrestrischen Ökosystemen
Reinhard Kostka-Rick Uta Susanna Leffler Bernd Markert Uwe Herpin Manfred Lusche Jürgen Lehrke 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2001,13(1):5-12
Biomonitoring programmes provide relevant information, which may supplement ambient air pollution monitoring or modelling around emission sources. As a prerequisite, assessment scales for biomonitoring data have to be derived based on an objective evaluation of available data, as well as on a scheme of presentation, which is suggestive and easily understandable even for laymen. Based on an evaluation of numerous monitoring programmes, assessment scales for biomonitoring results are derived for plant biomonitoring, which also serve as a basis for the graphical presentation of monitoring results. This study is focussed on bioindicator plants like mosses (passive biomonitoring) and exposed lichens (active biomonitoring), in which 14 metal elements are investigated. As an example, data from a local biomonitoring network around a cement plant were used to demonstrate the use of the assessment scales derived and the presentation scheme developed. Data sets from about 15 moss and 24 lichen biomonitoring programmes, comprising more than 1000 specimens, were sorted by their pollutant characteristics in order to form the database. Data on the metal contents of species demonstrating similar values with respect to growth characteristics and habit, and representing background or low pollution levels, are aggregated and their statistical distributions are evaluated. Spacing of the assessment scales and their colour designations are derived from the 50-, 75-, 90- and 95-percentile values. Graphical presentation allows a comparison of the absolute values of metal contents and a relative association of measured values. Exemplary results from moss and lichen monitoring around a cement plant are generally below or slightly above the median values at background and low-pollution sites. Metal contents are higher in lichens compared to mosses for 7 elements (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn), and are lower in lichens only for thallium. The assessment scheme presented is mainly aimed at the practitioner in the field of biomonitoring in order to provide a reliable and sound scale of assessment by comparison on an absolute scale rather than presenting the basis of ecological risk assessment. Differences in metal content of co-located samples of various moss species and possible correction procedures are briefly discussed- as well as the consequences of pooling monitoring data across various moss species for the quality of assessment scales. Further evaluations shall focus on species-specific rather than on pooled databases and will investigate the consequences of the use of correction factors when extrapolating metal data from one monitoring species to another. 相似文献
12.
Peter Leinweber Ulrich Bathmann Uwe Buczko Caroline Douhaire Bettina Eichler-Löbermann Emmanuel Frossard Felix Ekardt Helen Jarvie Inga Krämer Christian Kabbe Bernd Lennartz Per-Erik Mellander Günther Nausch Hisao Ohtake Jens Tränckner 《Ambio》2018,47(1):3-19
This special issue of Ambio compiles a series of contributions made at the 8th International Phosphorus Workshop (IPW8), held in September 2016 in Rostock, Germany. The introducing overview article summarizes major published scientific findings in the time period from IPW7 (2015) until recently, including presentations from IPW8. The P issue was subdivided into four themes along the logical sequence of P utilization in production, environmental, and societal systems: (1) Sufficiency and efficiency of P utilization, especially in animal husbandry and crop production; (2) P recycling: technologies and product applications; (3) P fluxes and cycling in the environment; and (4) P governance. The latter two themes had separate sessions for the first time in the International Phosphorus Workshops series; thus, this overview presents a scene-setting rather than an overview of the latest research for these themes. In summary, this paper details new findings in agricultural and environmental P research, which indicate reduced P inputs, improved management options, and provide translations into governance options for a more sustainable P use. 相似文献
13.
Does the Temporal Resolution of Precipitation Input Influence the Simulated Hydrological Components Employing the SWAT Model? 下载免费PDF全文
Andreas Bauwe Sara Tiedemann Petra Kahle Bernd Lennartz 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2017,53(5):997-1007
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of sub‐daily precipitation time steps on model performance and hydrological components by applying the Green and Ampt infiltration method using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Precipitation was measured at a resolution of 0.1 mm and aggregated to 5‐, 15‐, 30‐, and 60‐min time steps. Daily discharge data over a 10‐year period were used to calibrate and validate the model. Following a global sensitivity analysis, relevant parameters were optimized through an automatic calibration procedure using SWAT‐CUP for each time step. Daily performance statistics were almost equal among all four time steps (NSE ≈ 0.47). Discharge mainly consisted of groundwater flow (55%) and tile flow (42%), in reasonable proportions for the investigated catchment. In conclusion, model outputs were almost identical, showing simulations responded nearly independently of the chosen precipitation time step. This held true for (1) the selection of sensitive parameters, (2) performance statistics, (3) the shape of the hydrographs, and (4) flow components. However, a scenario analysis revealed that the precipitation time step becomes important when saturated hydraulic conductivities are low and curve numbers are high. The study suggests that there is no need in using precipitation time steps <1 h for lowland catchments dominated by soils with a low surface runoff potential if daily flow values are being considered. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series. 相似文献
14.
Aarif H. El-Mubarak Ahmed I. Rushdi Khalid F. Al-Mutlaq Abdulqader Y. Bazeyad Staci L. M. Simonich Bernd R. T. Simoneit 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(1):558-567
In an effort to assess the occurrence and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the ambient air of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, PM10 samples were collected during December 2010. Diagnostic PAH concentration ratios were used as a tool to identify and characterize the PAH sources. The results reflect high PM10 and PAH concentrations (particulate matter (PM)?=?270–1,270 μg/m3). The corresponding average PAH concentrations were in the range of 18?±?8 to 1,003?±?597 ng/m3 and the total concentrations (total PAHs (TPAHs) of 17 compounds) varied from 1,383 to 13,470 ng/m3 with an average of 5,871?±?2,830 ng/m3. The detection and quantification limits were 1–3 and 1–10 ng/ml, respectively, with a recovery range of 42–80 %. The ratio of the sum of the concentrations of the nine major non-alkylated compounds to the total (CPAHs/TPAHs) was 0.87?±?0.10, and other ratios were determined to apportion the PM sources. The PAHs found are characteristic for emissions from traffic with diesel being a predominant source. 相似文献
15.
According to various reports, climate change is responsible for the change in rainfall amount and pattern accompanied by the
various degrees of extreme events in Sahelian West Africa in recent years. Other reports also suggest that there has been
a “recovery” of the rainy season (Nicholson 2005). In this study, temporal characteristics of meteorological droughts in the Volta basin, a semi-arid region in West Africa,
are investigated in order to provide a guide for sustainable water resource management. For this purpose, drought intensity,
areal extent and recurrence frequency is analysed using the standardised precipitation index (SPI) for a time series between
1961 and 2005 from 52 meteorology stations across the Volta basin. Using this analysis the severity of the historical droughts
of 1961, 1970, 1983, 1992 and 2001 that occurred in the region are assessed and their intensity, areal extent and return periods
are obtained. The drought intensity is lower than −2.0 over nearly 75% of the region, meaning that a major part of the region
was under extreme drought conditions during this year. The drought of 1983/1984 has a probability of occurrence of up to 0.1
from records spanning 44 years. The areal extent of extreme drought conditions is about 90% during this drought period. 相似文献
16.
The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of long-term abiotic processes during aging of organic pollutants in soil on their microbial degradability and formation of non-extractable residues. The specific aims of our study were to investigate how the fate of p353-nonylphenol (NP) and phenanthrene (Phe) in soils might be affected by: (i) saturation of soil by cations with different valency (Na+, Ca2+ or Al3+), (ii) addition of organic substrate (wood flour) during incubation period and (iii) different soil moisture levels. 相似文献
17.
Bernd R. T. Simoneit M. A. Mazurek T. A. Cahill 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):387-390
The atmosphere of the Lake Tahoe air basin is contaminated with high molecular weight (> C12) petroleum hydrocarbons. Aerosol samples were collected by high-volume filtration and the solvent-soluble organic matter was analyzed. The relative concentrations of petroleum residues found were as follows: winter > summer and day > night. This contamination is primarily due to the poorer combustion of diesel and home heating fuels at that altitude and during periods of colder climate. 相似文献
18.
Fukushima fallout in Northwest German environmental media 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Traces of short- and long-lived fallout isotopes (131I, 134Cs and 137Cs) were found in environmental samples collected in Northwest Germany (rain water, river sediment, soil, grass and cow milk) from March to May 2011, following the radioactivity releases after the nuclear accident in Fukushima, Japan. The measured concentrations are consistent with reported concentrations in air, amount of rainfall and expected values applying simple radioecological models. The [134Cs]/[137Cs] ratio reported for air (about 1) allows for discrimination between “recent” and “old” 137Cs. Expected 136Cs values fell below the detection limits of the instrumentation, despite large sample masses and long counting times. 相似文献
19.
Stepnowski Piotr Blotevogel Karl-Heinz Jastorff Bernd 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2002,9(1):34-38
In this paper, we present applied methanol recycling technology utilising Chromatographic applications, which has been designed for an academic-size institution. The procedure is combined out of proper recovery technique and the biodegradation method intended for postprocessing residues. Additionally, analytical methods controlling the quality of the process are described in detail in order to enable full transfer of the proposed methodology to the analogous institution. The recovered solvent is of relatively high purity (> 99.92%), containing traces of water and volatile compounds. The spectral purity is sufficient to employ recycled methanol in HPLC applications where low wayelength detection is necessary. Biodegradation of distillation first-cuts and still bottoms is implemented using isolated strains ofMethylobacterium organophilum. During the biodegradation process, a series of carotenoids are biosynthesized, which are of a high commercial value. The proposed application, therefore, offers not only a sustainable, waste-free solution in handling methanol waste, but can also serve as a potential source of value. 相似文献
20.
Biological responses of workplace particles and their association with adverse health effects on miners 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Chen W Stempelmann K Rehn S Diederichs H Rehn B Bruch J 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2004,6(12):967-972
Epidemiological research has demonstrated the relationship between exposure to quartz dust and an elevated risk of pneumoconiosis and possible elevated risk of cancer. The current study was designed to evaluate the biological responses of workplace particles containing crystalline silica using an in vitro cell test. Respirable particle samples were sampled from four tin mines, where the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for pneumoconiosis was 51.6 and SMR for lung cancer was 2.2 in dust-exposed miners. Alveolar macrophages (AM) are considered as the target cells for primary dust effects. The samples were then measured at 15, 30, 60 and 120 microg particle per 10(6) AM for cytoxicity with the release of glucuronidase, lactate dehydrogenase, for reactive oxygen damage with H(2)O(2) release, and for ability to induce fibrosis using the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Pure quartz (DQ12) and corundum were used as controls. The results showed the samples from tin mines caused a higher cytoxicity when compared to corundum, yet lower when compared to quartz. However, reactive oxygen species release (148-177 nmol/3 x 10(5) AM in high concentration of 120 microg/10(6) AM) induced by the samples were significantly higher than that induced by quartz (57 nmol/3 x 10(5) AM) and corundum (62 nmol/3 x 10(5) AM). Furthermore, particle samples induced higher TNF-alpha secretion than corundum, the samples from Limu tin mine induced much higher TNF-alpha levels than that induced by DQ12 quartz. The results from the in vitro tests help elucidate the degree of hazard of dust particles in tin mines. The in vitro reaction patterns of AM also constitute a powerful tool to monitor biological and pathogenic responses of humans following dust particle exposure. 相似文献