Fractal properties of patch perimeters in a disturbed montane landscape, Beijing, China

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Observations of atmospheric pollutants at Lhasa during 2014–2015: Pollution status and the influence of meteorological factors

Atmospheric pollutants including SO₂, NO₂, CO, O₃ and inhalable particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) were monitored continuously from March 2014 to February 2015 to investigate characteristics of air pollution at Lhasa, Tibetan Plateau. Species exhibited similar seasonal variations except O₃, with the peaks in winter but low valleys in summer. The maximum O₃ concentration was observed in spring, followed by summer, autumn, and winter. The positive correlation between O₃ and PM₁₀ in spring indicated similar sources of them, and was assumed to be turbulent transport. Temperature was the dominant meteorological factor for most species in spring. High temperature accelerates O₃ photochemistry, and favors air disturbance which is conductive to dust resuspension in spring. Relative humidity (RH) and atmospheric pressure were the main meteorological factors in summer. RH showed negative correlations with species, while atmospheric pressure posed opposite situation. Wind speed (WS) was the dominant meteorological factor in autumn, the negative correlations between WS and species indicated diffusion by wind. Most species showed non-significant correlations with meteorological factors in winter, indicating the dependence of pollution on source emission rather than restriction by meteorology. Pollution weather character indicated that emissions were from biomass burning and dust suspension, and meteorological factors also played an important role. Air stream injection from the stratosphere was observed during O₃ pollution period. Air parcels from Southwest Asia were observed during air pollution period in winter. An enhancement in air pollutants such as O₃ would be expected in the future, more attention should be given to countermeasures for prevention of air pollution in the future.     

Characterization and acid-mobilization study for typical iron-bearing clay mineral

In this study, iron speciation in five standard clay samples was characterized. Iron mobilization from these clays was then measured in acidic media. For comparison, a commercially available Arizona test dust (ATD) was also observed. The results showed that the free-Fe contents of clays were commonly lower than that of dust aerosols. The components of clays were dominant by the structural Fe held in the aluminosilicate lattice. The iron solubility of the clays were in the order of KGa-2?>?SWy-2?>?CCa-2?>?IMt-2?>?NAu-2. Based upon the Mössbauer spectrum and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, the Fe(II) fraction and the Fe/Si ratio of clay particles changed after dissolution, suggesting the total Fe solubility depended on the Fe atom states existing within the aluminosilicate lattice. The Fe in KGa-2 and SWy-2 was most likely substituted for alkaline elements as the interlayer ions held by ionic bonds in the aluminosilicate, which are more liable to dissolution. However, the Fe in NAu-2 was more likely to be bound by strong covalent bonds in aluminosilicate mineral, which is less soluble. The much highly soluble Fe in ATD was not only linked to the dissolution of an appreciable fraction of Fe(II), but also could be attributed to the fact that the Fe bonds in the clay fraction of ATD were mainly present as ionic bonds. The TEM images showed that reacted clay particles displayed less aggregate particles, with nanoparticle aggregates and the Fe/S-rich tiny particles attached to the remains.     

呼伦贝尔草原优良牧草及土壤中有机氯农药残留量调查研究

本文根据内蒙古地区草原牧草及土壤中有害物质现状调查技术规范，对著名的畜牧业基地──呼伦贝尔草原优良牧草及土壤中有机氯农药（六六六、ＤＤＴ）残留量进行了调查研究。结果表明，这两种有机氯农药在呼伦贝尔草原牧草及土壤中的残留量低于内蒙古地区的平均水平，更低于国家粮食作物及土壤卫生标准。但其化学性质稳定、脂溶性强，应停止使用。     

我国有机氯污染物污染现状及监控对策

各类有机氯污染物在我国的污染非常普遍,主要以六六六,滴滴涕,多氯联苯为主。文章阐述了在20世纪80年代初期禁用这些有机氯污染物后,在我国的含量变化,分析了引起含量差异的原因。阐明了这类污染物在大范围内的分布趋势,提出了这类污染物的监控方法,分析影响这些污染物的降解,运移的因素。     

板材超塑性拉延过程的数值模拟

板料超塑性成形是一种全新的成形方法。用刚塑性有限元法对Zn 2 2Al合金U形拉延过程进行了数值模拟 ,分析了变形过程中工件的应力、应变、摩擦和厚度分布 ,揭示了成形过程中金属的塑性变形规律 ,为成形工艺设计提供了有效的分析工具。     

干燥方式对沉积物样品有机磷分析的影响

以果糖 1,6 二磷酸和脱氧腺苷三磷酸两种普遍的有机磷化合物为标样 ,探讨了干燥温度的高低对海洋沉积物有机磷分析的影响。沉积物于较高温度下干燥 ,用灰化法分析有机磷时 ,1mol/LHCl浸提 (16h)会引起未灰化样品中有机磷的明显水解 ,从而低估有机磷的含量。据此 ,作者认为 ,样品的干燥应当尽可能在较低温度下进行。     

斜网-混凝沉淀-A/O工艺处理白卡纸废水

采用斜网+混凝沉淀+A/O工艺处理白卡纸废水,平均CODCr去除率为97·9%,平均SS去除率为99·1%,出水各项指标达到《造纸工业水污染物排放标准》(GB3544-92)一级标准。以斜网装置回收废浆,过水量5~12m3/(m2·h),CODCr去除率52·8%,SS去除率53·7%。回收纤维获益相当于每吨纸节省成本33元,占总成本的2·5%。将剩余污泥回流到沉淀反应池,可降低投药量,节约总运行费用25%,并能减轻二次污染。     

中国生物质废弃物利用现状分析

中国是一个能源资源稀缺的国家,而随着中国经济的发展,我们对能源的需求量越来越大.因此,如何充分有效地利用好中国现有能源资源,显得十分重要.生物质能是一种可再生能源,中国的生物质废弃物资源十分丰富,包括森林能源、农作物秸秆、禽畜粪便、生活垃圾等等,这些废弃物资源若能很好的利用,不但能有效的减少环境污染问题,还将会有助于缓解中国的能源危机.中国的生物质废弃物利用技术起步较晚,但也取得了一些比较突出的科研成果,主要有沼气技术、生物质固化成型技术、生物质气化技术、生物柴油技术等.     

通风过滤器的结构与性能初探

在危险化学品生产和销毁厂房的通风设计中一定要设置滤毒装置,目前在国内使用滤毒通风系统的工业装置并不多见.设计方法也鲜有介绍.在滤毒通风装置的设计过程中,过滤器的组成和冗余是设计中重要的内容和参数.设计合理既能够节省投资,又能保证设施抗击事故冲击的能力,使装置能够安全平稳的运行.而在运行中,过滤器更换时机至关重要.文章介绍了通风过滤器的结构、HEPA过滤器和活性炭过滤器能力的计算方法,最后就过滤器性能测试方法进行研究.