制药建设项目环境风险评价探讨

环境风险评价是制药建设项目环境影响评价中必须涉及的一项重要内容,是对制药企业环境影响的不确定性及其环境后果进行调查和确定的过程,具有复杂性、综合性和不确定性三大特征。该文以重庆某制药建设项目为例,从风险识别、风险预测及评价、风险事故防范措施及应急预案等方面,论述了环境风险评价的基本概念及一般程序,对制药建设项目环境风险评价的特点、工作内容、工作方法等进行了初步探讨。     

康雍乾灾害诗歌主题变化与三朝灾害信仰之流变

通过康雍乾三朝灾害诗主题比较,可以看出灾害信仰的流变特点,即无论是在表现灾害成因的探寻上,还是在表现救灾防灾实践行为上,都始终存在着"天谴论"与"天道自然"灾害信仰的并存与对立;同时从灾害信仰的发展历程看,也能明显看出由康雍两朝以"天人感应"的灾害信仰为主流发展到乾隆朝以"天道自然"灾害信仰为主流的变化过程,当然这种变化与三朝皇权政治直接相关。     

不同沉水植物对Cu，Pb，Cd，Zn元素吸收积累差异及规律研究

为探求不同种类的沉水植物对水中Cu,Pb,Cd,Zn吸收积累的差异.对生长在广西刁江流域中的几种常见的沉水植物:菹草、黑藻、狐尾藻、苦草、黄丝草进行了分析,结果表明:在不同采样点与不同时期里.Cu.Pb,Cd,Zn元素在同一沉水植物中吸收变化比较大,Zn元素含量在被测元素中变化最大,最高值和最低值差约581倍.这说明沉水植物受环境影响比较大,能较好的反应出周围环境的变化;但不同的沉水植物对周围环境反应能力的大小是不一样的,菹草、黑藻、狐尾藻、苦草、黄丝草对Cu,Cd,Zn重金属元素的富集能力顺序依次为:菹草>黑藻>狐尾藻>苦草>黄丝草;而黄丝草对Pb吸收累积能力在所有被检测沉水植物中富集能力是最强的.因此,我们在利用沉水植物来指示或修复水体环境时,必须依据不同的元素来选择合适的沉水植物.     

应急通讯车多目标调度研究——以成都邛崃市洪涝灾后通讯恢复事件为例

为了提高应急通讯车在洪涝灾害发生后的救援调度效率和受灾群众对救援完成时间的感知满意度,考虑应急通讯车在不同受灾点的作业时间差异、转移产生的准备时间及受灾群众感知满意度差异,来制定合理的调度方案.首先,从资源环境、任务约束和优化目标等方面描述应急通讯车的优化调度问题;其次,基于前景理论中收益与风险的关系及公平理论中人们的比较心理,确定了贴合实际情况的动态参考点,结合前景理论的价值函数,建立了本文的满意度函数,由此刻画不同受灾点内受灾群众的感知满意度,建立0-1非线性多目标整数规划模型;最后,通过遗传算法求解模型,并进行帕累托最优调度分析,得到优化目标之间的平衡.结果表明,所建立的多目标优化调度模型有效且公平,能够为应急管理部门制定满足各方利益的应急救援方案提供参考.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in chicken tissues and eggs from an electronic waste recycling area in southeast China

The levels and distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in chicken tissues from an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling area in southeast China were investigated. Human dietary intake by local residents via chicken muscle and eggs was estimated. The mean PBDEs concentrations in tissues ranged from 15.2 to 3138.1 ng/g lipid weight (lw) and in egg the concentration was 563.5 ng/g lw. The results showed that the level of total PBDEs (PPBDEs) in the chicken tissue was 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than those reported in the literature. The large di erence of PPBDEs concentrations between tissues confirmed that the distribution of PBDEs in tissues depend on tissue-specificity rather than the “lipid-compartment”. BDE-209 was the predominant congener (82.5%– 94.7% of PPBDEs) in all chicken tissues except in brain (34.7% of PPBDEs), which indicated that deca-BDE (the major commercial PBDE formulation comprising 65%–70% of total production) was major pollution source in this area and could be bioaccumulated in terrestrial animals. The dietary PBDEs intake of the local residents from chicken muscle and egg, assuming only local bred chickens and eggs were consumed, ranged from 2.2 to 22.5 ng/(day kg body weight (bw)) with a mean value of 13.5 ng/(day kg bw), which was one order of magnitude higher than the value reported in previous studies for consumption of all foodstu s.     

我国饮用水水源内分泌干扰物的污染现状分析

我国作为饮用水水源的天然水体和部分饮用水水源地已受到内分泌干扰物的严重影响.文章分别从重金属类和有机类污染两个方面分析了我国饮用水源内分泌干扰物的污染现状,针对我国开展内分泌干扰物研究中存在的问题给出了建议对策并做出了展望.目前,我国七大水系以及华北、东南沿海地区的部分饮用水水源地都不同程度的受到了阿特拉津等有机氯农药...     

城市园林绿化资源及调查技术研究

城市园林绿化资源是主要服务于城市居民、支持植物和以植物为主体的城市生态系统存在与发展的因素和条件,及其各种天然的和经过人工改造的结果,具有明显的自然属性和社会属性两重性。城市园林绿化资源调查就是全面查清城市园林绿化资源的自然属性和社会属性．状态。研究了调查因子的设计,调查技术规程的架构,调查图斑的概念和区划方法,及绿色遥感信息提取和资源管理地理信息系统开发技术设计,并应用于2010开展的徐州市城市园林绿化资源调查中,取得了较好的成果。     

Hydrogeochemical and mineralogical characteristics related to heavy metal attenuation in a stream polluted by acid mine drainage: A case study in Dabaoshan Mine, China

Dabaoshan Mine, the largest mine in south China, has been developed since the 1970s. Acid mine drainage (AMD) discharged from the mine has caused severe environmental pollution and human health problems. In this article, chemical characteristics, mineralogy of ocher precipitations and heavy metal attenuation in the AMD are discussed based on physicochemical analysis, mineral analysis, sequential extraction experiments and hydrogeochemistry. The AMD chemical characteristics were determined from the initial water composition, water-rock interactions and dissolved sulfide minerals in the mine tailings. The waters, affected and unaffected by AMD, were Ca-SO₄ and Ca-HCO₃ types, respectively. The affected water had a low pH, high SO₄^2- and high heavy metal content and oxidation as determined by the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ couple. Heavy metal and SO₄^2- contents of Hengshi River water decreased, while pH increased, downstream. Schwertmannite was the major mineral at the waste dump, while goethite and quartz were dominant at the tailings dam and streambed. Schwertmannite was transformed into goethite at the tailings dam and streambed. The sulfate ions of the secondary minerals changed from bidentate- to monodentate-complexes downstream. Fe-Mn oxide phases of Zn, Cd and Pb in sediments increased downstream. However, organic matter complexes of Cu in sediments increased further away from the tailings. Fe³⁺ mineral precipitates and transformations controlled the AMD water chemistry.     

溶剂萃取法回收4-溴-2-氟碘苯萃余废水中的碘

研究了4-溴-2-氟碘苯萃余废水中碘的回收方法。25℃下,测定了苯、环己烷等7种萃取剂对碘萃取的分配常数及环己烷对碘萃取的分配曲线。研究选用了萃取率与分配常数相对较高,毒性相对较低的环己烷为萃取剂,并探讨了萃取剂、反应时间、溶液pH值、温度、反萃剂等因素对碘单质去除率的影响。结果表明在室温20℃,不调节废水pH值,相比为1:5、萃取时间10 min的条件下,碘的萃取率可达到88%。在室温20℃,相比为4:5的条件下,采用0.1 mol/L的氢氧化钾为反萃剂,碘的单级反萃率可达到90%。     

修造船企业防污染管理浅谈

随着我国修造船企业数量的增加,修造船企业排放的废水污染物、废气污染物和固体废物日益增多,给海洋与江河环境造成了不同程度的影响,对海洋生态环境产生威胁,也危害到人类健康,因此降低修造船企业污染物排放的环境影响,做好企业防污染管理工作的重要性日益凸显出来。就国内修造船企业防污染管理现状,对修造船企业的污染物排放情况进行了阐述,对污染隐患进行了分析,并就修造船企业防污染管理问题提出了几点建议。