北京及周边地区大气羰基化合物的时空分布特征初探

利用2,4-二硝基苯肼（DNPH）/HPLC方法,于2010年6月24日、7月22日、8月24日、9月14日（夏季）和2011年1月13日（冬季）,在北京及周边地区38个采样点组织5次同步观测,测定了大气中23种羰基化合物的浓度水平.观测结果表明,北京市各类站点夏季和冬季的总羰基化合物体积分数分别为（16.38±6.03）×10-9,（8.50±5.27）×10-9;周边城市夏季和冬季的体积分数分别为（13.19±5.71）×10-9,（13.05±2.44）×10-9.区域大气中最主要的羰基化合物是甲醛、乙醛和丙酮,三者约占总羰基化合物浓度的78%～91%.夏季羰基化合物的浓度水平明显高于冬季,并且上午09：00～12：00时段的浓度高于下午13：00～16：00时段的浓度.在空间分布上,北京市夏季羰基化合物的高值区主要集中在交通密集的主城区,而冬季受西北风影响呈现由西北向东南递增的趋势.夏季,机动车尾气对大气羰基化合物有显著的一次和二次贡献,同时在不利的气象条件影响下,造成城市地区羰基化合物的污染现象.冬季,大气羰基化合物以一次排放为主,燃煤和机动车可能是主要的污染源.     

Effect of chlorine content of chlorophenols on their adsorption by mesoporous SBA-15

Studies on the effect of the chlorine content of chlorophenols (CPs) on their adsorption from aqueous solution by mesoporous SBA-15 are important in understanding the mechanisms of CP adsorption. In this study, three CPs with different degrees of chlorine content (i.e., 2-chlorophenol, 2,6-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol) were investigated. The effects of parameters such as temperature and solution pH were studied. The results showed that CP adsorption by SBA-15 increased with increasing number of chlorine substituents and depended strongly on the temperature and solution pH. Thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy change (ΔG⁰), enthalpy change (ΔH⁰) and entropy change (ΔS⁰) were also calculated. By comparison of the adsorption coefficient of CPs with varying physical-chemical properties (size, hydrophobicity and electron density), we propose that hydrophobic interactions between CPs and the SBA-15 surface, as well as electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes between oxygen of the siloxane surface of SBA-15 (e^--donor) and the πup-system of the CPs (e^--acceptor), were dominant adsorption mechanisms.     

Two stages kinetics of municipal solid waste inoculation composting processes

IntroductionCompostingisanatureprocess,butmanyman inducedinnovativemeasureshavebeendevelopedtoacceleratecompostingefficiency .Variousspecializedseedinoculumshavebeenappliedforpracticalengineering(Biey ,2 0 0 0 ) .ThemicrobialfloraandthemassconcentrationofmicrobesinMSWcompostingprocessesunderlyinginoculationaredifferentinvariousstages(Lei,2 0 0 0 ;Akihito ,1998) .Atthesametime ,thelivingenvironmentofmicroorganismsisalsoincessantlychangingduetotheincreaseofmetabolizingproductionandconsumption…     

Factors affecting the distribution of microplastics in soils of China

● Microplastic (MP) abundance in soil of China was highly heterogeneous. ● MP abundance was higher near large rivers and central land affected by monsoons. ● MP abundance was correlated with longitude, mulching film, and average temperature. ● Factors suitable for predicting MP pollution using models were discussed. Microplastics (MPs) are found worldwide in high abundance, posing a potential threat to ecosystems. Despite the ubiquity of MPs in the environment, very little is known about the regional distribution of MPs and underlying factors affecting this distribution in the field, which likely include human activity, but also features of the environment itself. Here, out of a total of 1157 datapoints investigated in 53 Chinese studies, 9.68% datapoints were removed as outliers in the heterogeneity analysis. This review revealed that the abundance of MPs was highly heterogeneous. In addition, microplastic (MP) distribution maps based on China demonstrated that the highest abundance of MPs tended to occur near large rivers and central land affected by the intersection of two monsoons. The model-fitting and previous studies showed that MP abundance in China was correlated with longitude, agricultural mulching film usage per capita, temperature, and precipitation. However, due to the heterogeneity of MPs and the low matching degree between the current environmental data and the sampling points, this pattern was not as evident as reported in any single study. Factors affecting the distribution of MPs can not be captured by linear relationships alone, and systematic selection of suitable environmental factors and further model optimization are needed to explore the cause of MP pollution in soil. Overall, this review revealed an uneven distribution of MPs and serves as a reference for model prediction to assess and control plastic pollution in natural soil environments.     

Preliminary techno-economic analysis of three typical decentralized composting technologies treating rural kitchen waste: a case study in China

● Decentralized composting (DC) is a profitable KW treating technology. ● SAC and BEC were economically attractive in rural area, while HDC was unprofitable. ● KW handling subsidy plays a vital role in making DC profitable. ● SAC and BEC have great potential in promoting rural KW treatment. This study was designed to evaluate whether the decentralized rural kitchen waste (KW) composting technologies used in China can be widely applied. To this end, we completed a techno-economic analysis of three typical types of KW compositing, namely solar-assisted (SAC), bio-enhanced (BEC), and heat-dewatering composting (HDC). These evaluations revealed that all three technologies produce composting products that meet China’s organic fertilizer standard and that both SAC and BEC are economically self-sustaining and generate net profits (18824.94 and 17791.52 US$/a) and positive net present values (32133.11 and 25035.93 US$). Subsequent sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the KW-handling subsidy plays a critical role in making decentralized composting economically attractive. Based on these analyses, we believe that reducing the coverage area of SAC, reducing the operating cost of BEC and HDC, upgrading composting products, and strengthening secondary pollution control would aid in supporting the technological improvement of these processes. Moreover, providing appropriate subsidies and promulgating specific standards and policies for KW fertilizer are key strategies for decentralized rural KW composting management.     

基于数值风场的高层建筑对临近低层建筑群影响分析

针对高层建筑对低层建筑的风压、风速分布的影响问题,选用标准k-ε湍流模型,应用CFD数值方法模拟高层建筑影响下的低层建筑群的风场,侧重模拟分析了高层建筑的位置布局改变对低层建筑群风速及风压场的影响。分析结果表明:高层建筑对临近低层建筑群风场的影响显著,高层建筑的位置对低层建筑群风环境的影响较大。     

芳烃类化合物结构表征及-lgK_(ow)定量预测

为探寻芳烃类有机物结构与正辛醇/水分配系数(-lgK_(ow))的关系,应用分子顶点及顶点相互作用矢量对芳烃类有机物进行了结构表征.采用多元线性回归及逐步回归建立了3个定量结构-性质关系的-lgK_(ow)模型.经过比较,发现模型M3具有最佳模拟结果,此时模型的复相关系数为0.946,标准偏差为0.392.为检验模型的稳定性,采用留一法(leave-one-out)对模型进行了交互检验,复相关系数为0.920,标准偏差为0.429.     

香港与广州市汽车尾气污染比较

采用较先进自动分析仪器,连续４年在香港九龙青山道及连续９天广州市解放中路,对汽车尾气污染进行监测。结果表明,香港九龙青山道汽车尾气污染较轻,１９８８年和１９８９年基本满足中国国家大气环境质量二级标准的要求。广州市解放中路汽车尾气污染严重。超过国家大气环境质量三级标准,车流组成与行车速度的差异是造成香港与广州市两地汽车气污染差别的主要原因。     

现代统计信息分析在安全工程方面的应用——卡尔曼滤波器基本知识

卡尔曼滤波器是现代控制理论中的一种最优理论,其目的是从大量偶然干扰中筛取主导因素,以对事物变化规律作出正确的估计。介绍了卡尔曼滤波器的基本思路及原理,以及在安全工程中使用卡尔曼滤波器时应注意的问题。     

三次样条函数在测定河流弥散系数中的应用

为获得洋河张家口—宣化段水体的弥散系数,用罗丹明B进行了示踪试验,简述了三次样条函数插值方法,并用该法处理了示踪试验数据,用一维扩散模型计算的纵向弥散系数为5.53m~2/S.最后用二维模型进行检验,表明上述处理方法和系数是可靠的。