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331.
Douglas W. Kuehl Edward N. Leonard Brian C. Butterworth Kenneth L. Johnson 《Environment international》1983,9(4):293-299
Over 50 non-PCB polyhalogenated organic chemicals have been identified by GC/MS in fish from the Great Lakes and other major watersheds near the Great Lakes. p,p′-DDE, hexachlorobenzene, and components of tech-chlordane were the most frequently found chemicals. Also described are advances in sample preparation methodology which allow the identification of many frequently occuring unusual chemicals. Several chemicals not previously reported in environmental samples are identified. 相似文献
332.
Development of a phosphorus index for pastures fertilized with poultry litter--factors affecting phosphorus runoff 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
DeLaune PB Moore PA Carman DK Sharpley AN Haggard BE Daniel TC 《Journal of environmental quality》2004,33(6):2183-2191
Currently, several state and federal agencies are proposing upper limits on soil test phosphorus (P), above which animal manures cannot be applied, based on the assumption that high P concentrations in runoff are due to high soil test P. Recent studies show that other factors are more indicative of P concentrations in runoff from areas where manure is being applied. The original P index was developed as an alternative P management tool incorporating factors affecting both the source and transport of P. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of multiple variables on P concentrations in runoff water and to construct a P source component of a P index for pastures that incorporates these effects. The evaluated variables were: (i) soil test P, (ii) soluble P in poultry litter, (iii) P in poultry diets, (iv) fertilizer type, and (v) poultry litter application rate. Field studies with simulated rainfall showed that P runoff was affected by the amount of soluble P applied in the fertilizer source. Before manure applications, soil test P was directly related to soluble P concentrations in runoff water. However, soil test P had little effect on P runoff after animal manure was applied. Unlike most other P indices, weighting factors of the P source components in the P index for pastures are based on results from runoff studies conducted under various management scenarios. As a result, weighting factors for the P source potential variables are well justified. A modification of the P index using scientific data should strengthen the ability of the P index concept to evaluate locations and management alternatives for P losses. 相似文献
333.
Soil variability in watersheds accounts for the problem of partitioning downstream water quality data and evaluating sources of non-point pollution. This review of previous water quality studies was conducted to examine more closely the influence of soil properties on pollutant export. The approach used in this paper was to start with data from the two largest watersheds (Maumee and Sandusky) and then compare them on a unit area export basis with data from intermediate-size and smaller watersheds. General relationships between pollutant levels at the river mouth and upstream soil conditions are vague and seemingly contradictory at the large-watershed scale. With smaller watersheds, it can be determined that soil texture, slope, and internal drainage are controlling factors for pollutant export. Although Paulding (very-fine, illitic, nonacid, mesic Typic Epiaquept) and Roselms (very-fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Epiaqualf) soils occupy only 5% of the Maumee basin, they generate more than 10 times as much sediment per unit area as the tile-drained Hoytville (fine, illitic, mesic Mollic Epiaqualf) soils that occupy 16% of the Maumee basin. Tile drainage of very poorly drained soils that are formed from either glacial till or silty to sandy lake deposits reduces runoff and increases downward movement of soluble nutrients into tile drains. The assumption that sloping moraine areas are the primary source of pollutants should be reexamined based on this review. 相似文献
334.
Vincent H. Y. Tam Brian Corr 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2000,13(6):588-447
The design of topsides against explosions requires the definition of a design over-pressure, however, these values are often treated as deterministic and there is a wide variation within the industry in the treatment and interpretation of the loads.
This paper advocates the adoption of a number of limit state for explosion loading. Events of different magnitudes are differentiated on the basis of frequency and linked to appropriate degree of reliability thus avoiding disproportionate effects from minor events.
The two principal limit states considered are a limit state for all the safety critical systems for relatively high frequency events and a survival condition for low probability events. Parallels are drawn from other branches of engineering where extreme loads have to be designed for. 相似文献
335.
Comparative Analysis of New Zealand and US Approaches for Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Management 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Brian S. Caruso 《Environmental management》2000,25(1):9-22
The role of the central government in New Zealand is generally limited to research and policy development, and regional councils
are responsible for most monitoring and management of the problem. The role of the federal government in the United States
includes research and monitoring, policy development, and regulation. States also have a significant management role. Both
countries rely on voluntary approaches for NPS pollution management. Very few national water quality standards exist in New
Zealand, whereas standards are widely used in the United States. Loading estimates and modeling are often used in the United
States, but not in New Zealand. A wide range of best management practices (BMPs) are used in the United States, including
buffer strips and constructed/engineered wetlands. Buffer strips and riparian management have been emphasized and used widely
in New Zealand.
Many approaches are common to both countries, but management of the problem has only been partly successful. The primary barriers
are the inadequacy of the voluntary approach and the lack of scientific tools that are useful to decision-makers. More work
needs to be performed on the evaluation of approaches developed in both countries that could be applied in the other countries.
In addition, more cooperation and information/technology transfer between the two countries should be encouraged in the future. 相似文献
336.
Brian P. Bledsoe Chester C. Watson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2001,37(2):255-270
ABSTRACT: Channel instability and aquatic ecosystem degradation have been linked to watershed imperviousness in humid regions of the U.S. In an effort to provide a more process‐based linkage between observed thresholds of aquatic ecosystem degradation and urbanization, standard single event approaches (U.S. Geological Survey Flood Regression Equations and rational) and continuous hydrologic models (HSPF and CASC2D) were used to examine potential changes in flow regime associated with varying levels of watershed imperviousness. The predicted changes in flow parameters were then interpreted in concert with risk‐based models of channel form and instability. Although low levels of imperviousness (10 to 20 percent) clearly have the potential to destabilize streams, changes in discharge, and thus stream power, associated with increased impervious area are highly variable and dependent upon watershed‐specific conditions. In addition to the storage characteristics of the pre‐development watershed, the magnitude of change is sensitive to the connectivity and conveyance of impervious areas as well as the specific characteristics of the receiving channels. Different stream types are likely to exhibit varying degrees and types of instability, depending on entrenchment, relative erodibility of bed and banks, riparian condition, mode of sediment transport (bedload versus suspended load), and proximity to geomorphic thresholds. Nonetheless, simple risk‐based analyses of the potential impacts of land use change on aquatic ecosystems have the potential to redirect and improve the effectiveness of watershed management strategies by facilitating the identification of channels that may be most sensitive to changes in stream power. 相似文献
337.
Rafael Villasenor Candis Claiborn Brian Lamb Susan ONeill 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2001,35(36):6479-6491
The Spokane, Washington area is classified as a non-attainment area for the 24-h PM10 standard due to a history of high particulate matter concentrations. A Eulerian regional air quality model (CALMET/CALGRID) has been used to characterize the emission, transport and dispersion of PM10 and PM2.5 in Spokane. Observations from a residential site (Rockwood, RW) and an industrial site (Crown Zellerbach, CZ), spanning July 1994–August 1996 were used to evaluate the current emission inventory. Two major tasks were devised to conduct the objectives of this investigation. First, a simple and efficient urban dispersion model (WYNDValley) was used to simulate important episodes characterized by the highest PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations. The selected episodes included four days with wet conditions for which no roads would have been emitting and seven days with dry conditions for which roads would emit. In the second step, a single road-emitting event was selected from the previous predicted results for further analysis using the Eulerian regional air quality model to examine the emission inventory. The urban and regional models predicted the observed concentration distributions reasonably well for the source emissions inventoried in Spokane. The mass concentrations of PM10 were well predicted for the roads emitting case examined by both models indicating that the emission inventory based primarily upon area sources including roads is reasonably well characterized, at least at the RW site. The area sources around CZ are less well characterized, so that the PM10 concentrations are underpredicted at CZ. The models appear unable to reach an equilibrium mass balance status at the beginning of the simulation, and the urban model seems unable to properly resolve the nocturnal boundary layer. 相似文献
338.
Davies BE 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2008,30(6):639-646
In 2002, The (UK) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) together with the Environment Agency published
document SGV10 “Contaminants in soil: collation of toxicological data and intake values for humans. Lead”. This publication
sets out the derivation of Soil Guideline Values for lead contamination. Values for soil lead that are protective of the health
of children and also for adults are derived using the model recommended by an international task force working under the auspices
of the Society for Environmental Geochemistry and Health (SEGH) (Wixson and Davies 1993, 1994). Detailed examination of the DEFRA publication shows it uses unrealistic values for two variables in the SEGH model. The
consequence is both actual and has potential adverse societal impacts. These impacts could be avoided if the appropriate scientific
community were regarded as stakeholders in the legislative outcome and not simply the providers of the research data. 相似文献
339.
Within-nest temporal polyethism in the honey bee 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Brian R. Johnson 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(5):777-784
A well-regulated division of labor has been one of the core adaptations leading to the success of the social insects. Honeybee
division of labor has been classically viewed as a sequence of age-related changes in task performance. Kolmes questioned
this view arguing that his studies did not support the existence of any age-related within-nest specialization. To resolve
this controversy, Kolmes and Seeley conducted a joint study with mixed results. They found support for a cell cleaning caste,
but diverged on whether their results supported distinct nursing and middle age castes. In this paper, I follow up on their
work to resolve the question of caste number in within-nest honey bees. To determine whether nurses (typically aged 4–12 days)
and middle-aged bees (aged 12–20 days) have distinct task repertoires, I conducted focal animal observations on a large number
of workers in both age groups working within the same nests at the same time. The results support their being two castes of
within-nest bees. Young bees specialized on brood care tasks, while middle-aged bees specialized on nectar processing and
nest maintenance. Middle-aged bees were observed caring for brood in less than 1% of the observations. Moreover, both castes
exhibited movement patterns that correspond to the traditional view that nurses stay within the broodnest, while middle-aged
bees move around a great deal in search of work throughout the nest. A review of studies conducted since the debate of Seeley
and Kolmes supports the reliability of these results. This work has relevance for proximate models of temporal polyethism,
as it is often assumed by such models that there is only one within-nest caste in the honeybee. 相似文献
340.
Reproduction on the edge: large-scale patterns of individual performance in a marine invertebrate 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Reproductive output is a central attribute of life history, providing a measure of individual and population performance. The fields of ecology, biogeography, and evolutionary biology take disparate approaches in addressing spatial variation in reproduction, and thus we lack clear predictions for how reproductive output should vary geographically. We empirically investigate these contrasting theoretical approaches by determining geographic patterns in reproductive output for intertidal populations of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, at 15 sites spanning a large geographic distance (9 degrees span of latitude) from central California, USA, to Baja California, Mexico. Contrary to predictions from biogeography, some of the highest values of reproductive output are at sites near the species' southern range boundary. Additionally, sea urchins do not exhibit a latitudinal gradient in reproduction, but rather show considerable mesoscale variation in reproductive output. Spatial analyses reveal that this variation is correlated with coastal topographic features that are known to influence the pattern of nearshore nutrient flux and circulation. We hypothesize that urchins' reproductive output may be driven by the spatial distribution of their food supply, drift macroalgae, the abundance of which is influenced by both nutrient supply and alongshore transport processes that are coupled to topographic features. Large-scale studies such as this provide valuable insight into the causes of species' range limits, population connectivity, habitat reserve design, and forecasting the effects of climate change on species' distributions. 相似文献