Aerosol light-scattering in The Netherlands

The relation between the (midday) aerosol light-scattering and the concentrations of nitrate and sulfate has been assessed at a site near the coast of the North Sea in The Netherlands. Midday was selected for the measurements because this is the time at which the aerosol is most effective in the scattering of solar radiation. Automated thermodenuders were used for the hourly measurement of the concentration of nitrate and sulfate with a lower detection limit of 0.1 μ m⁻³. The site is operational since October 1993. The first-year average dry aerosol light-scattering (measured with an integrating nephelometer at a wavelength of 525 nm) was 0.71 × 10⁻⁴ m^1̄. In arctic marine air the aerosol light-scattering was a factor of 10 lower than the average value, in polluted continental air it was up to a factor of 10 higher. The ratio of the total aerosol light-scattering to the concentration of sulfate was 20 m² g⁻¹. The contribution of nitrate to the aerosol light-scattering was higher than that of sulfate in the winter and of about equal magnitude in the summer period. In November and December of 1993, the humidity dependence of the aerosol light-scattering was investigated. Two types of (continental) aerosol were found with respect to the humidity behavior. One type showed a significant increase in light-scattering at the deliquescence points of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, with that of ammonium nitrate the most pronounced. The second type of continental aerosol did not show deliquescence, but followed the typical humidity dependence of aerosol in a supersaturated droplet state. In this latter aerosol type, nitrate dominated over sulfate. It was concluded from the study that the aerosol light-scattering in The Netherlands, in particular its humidity dependence, is governed by (ammonium) nitrate.     

冰中和水中四环素光降解动力学及其影响因素的比较

冰雪是一类重要且普遍的环境介质,而冰雪环境光化学是一门新兴的学科.在相同光照条件下比较冰中和水中有机污染物的光化学行为,有助于揭示冰雪光化学与水环境光化学之间的异同.本文以四环素（TC）为模型化合物,比较了模拟日光（λ>290 nm）照射下不同水体冰相和水相中TC的光降解动力学,研究了不同相中溶解性物质（腐殖酸（HA）、Cl^-、NO₃^-和Fe（III））对光降解的影响及作用机制,以揭示冰雪环境光化学和水环境光化学的异同.结果表明,冰中和水中TC光解遵循准一级反应动力学,纯水冰中表观光解量子产率为4.76×10^-3,高于纯水中表观光解量子产率（3.85×10^-3）.在不同水体中,冰相TC的光解快慢顺序为海水冰中 > 淡水冰中 > 纯水冰中,而在水相中光解快慢顺序与冰相不同,为淡水中 > 海水中 > 纯水中.通过考察主要溶解性物质对冰/水中TC光降解动力学的影响发现,无论是在冰相还是水相,Cl^-、HA、NO₃^-和Fe（III）均加快了TC的光降解,且促进作用随浓度的升高而增强.但在水相与冰相中每个因素促进的程度却存在差异,相对于水环境,冰中HA、NO₃^-、Fe（III）敏化作用较大,对TC光降解的促进作用较强;而冰中Cl^-对TC光解的促进作用较水相中弱.这些溶解性物质对TC光解的促进作用能够解释海水冰、淡水冰与海水、淡水中TC相对于纯水冰相/水相具有较强的光降解能力.进一步地,将实验数据外推到实际环境,在35°~50°N地区的仲冬季,冰雪表面和水体表层TC光化学降解的半减期分别为15.4~38.9 min和19.0~48.0 min,其不仅依赖于光解发生的纬度与季节,还受到反应基质（冰/水）的影响.以上结果揭示了冰中和水中TC光化学转化行为的异同,这对于准确评价寒冷环境中此类新型污染物的归趋具有重要意义.     

宜昌市天福庙水库沉积物磷形态分布特征及其释放通量估算

为揭示天福庙水库沉积物中磷的形态及空间分布特征,探讨沉积物-水界面磷的释放通量及其主要影响因素,在天福庙水库库区内设立了6个采样点,采用SMT（磷形态标准测试程序）法测量其沉积物中磷的形态组成,对沉积物磷空间分布、间隙水及上覆水PO₄3-质量浓度变化特征进行了分析,估算了磷释放通量.结果表明:①库区沉积物中TP主要由Ca-P（钙磷）构成,TP在水库库尾和支流入库处具有较高的质量分数,分别为4 904.6、5 015.2 mg/kg.TP、IP（无机磷）、Ca-P时空动态具有一致性,磷矿石灰污染是重要原因.②孔隙水中PO₄3-质量浓度在沉积物表层1~3 cm内存在很高的峰值,达11.3 mg/L,各采样点均高于上覆水中PO₄3-质量浓度,存在向上覆水释放PO₄3-的风险,孔隙水中PO₄3-质量浓度与TP质量分数及磷形态相关.③采用孔隙水扩散模型法估算PO₄3-在沉积物-上覆水界面上的释放通量,库区沉积物磷释放通量范围为0.13~3.08 mg/（m2·d）,平均值为1.03 mg/（m2·d）,处于较高水平.研究显示,磷矿开采是干流沉积物磷来源和形态组成的重要原因,库区磷释放通量与水流扰动密切相关,坝前、支流交汇处、库尾是库区内源磷污染的主要区域.      

两株重金属抗性细菌对铅镉吸附特性的比较研究

针对目前重金属水污染现状,为探究微生物法修复重金属水污染机制,本试验以抗重金属革兰氏阴性菌Rhizobium sp.W33与革兰氏阳性菌Bacillus sp.H3为供试菌株,对不同重金属(Pb、Cd)浓度及pH条件下的菌株生长状况进行测定;比较不同状态细胞(Growing、Grown、Dead)的吸附能力;利用FTIR初步分析吸附相关官能团.结果表明:两株菌对Pb抗性较强,对Cd抗性相对较弱,最适生长pH均在6~7范围内;不同状态细胞的吸附能力大小为:GrownDeadGrowing;随着重金属浓度的升高,Rhizobium sp.W33与Bacillus sp.H3的吸附容量逐渐增大,且对铅镉的吸附主要以胞外吸附为主,对铅有一定的胞内积累能力;FTIR分析显示菌株吸附过程中主要是—OH、—NH、—CO、—CH2官能团在生物吸附过程中发挥作用.Rhizobium sp.W33与Bacillus sp.H3表面官能团特性及整体吸附能力存在明显差异.     

催化湿式氧化处理造纸废水的研究

以过渡金属氧化物CuO为活性组分,采用催化湿式氧化法处理造纸废水,考察Cu负载量、催化剂用量、反应温度对废水COD去除率的影响。结果表明:固定氧气分压在2.5MPa和反应时间3h,催化剂用量为3g,Cu负载量为4%,反应温度为220℃,500mL浓度为3250mg/L造纸废水的COD去除率为90%,色度去除率为89%,pH值由9.6变为7.8。另外,对催化剂进行再生处理和稳定性测试。结果表明:450℃下活化3h,在上述相同反应条件下,对原废水的COD去除率降低为88%,重复使用9次后对废水的COD去除率仍能保持在85%左右。     

新生产空调客车内挥发性有机物浓度水平和来源分析

选取某厂家新生产的、下线时间不超过28d的53座新空调客车,在车辆处于静止状态下采用二次热解析-毛细管气相色谱/质谱联用法测量新空调车内挥发性有机物的分布特征和浓度水平.根据NIST02标准谱图进行匹配检索,结合色谱保留时间定性,共定性检出33种挥发性有机物,包括烷烃(15种、45.4%)、芳香类化合物(9种、27.3%)、醇(4种、12.1%),酮(3种、9.1%)、酯(2种、6.1%),且大多集中在C6～C10的范围内.新车内浓度最高的前5种挥发性有机物分别为癸烷(8.01 mg/m3)、3-甲基己烷(7.10mg/m3)、庚烷(5.10mg/m3)、异庚烷(4.20 ms/m3)和1-甲基,3-乙基苯(3,56 mg/3),总挥发性有机物TV012,52.5mR/m3.烷烃主要来源于空调车内部保温材料如聚氨酯(PU)发泡海绵或者聚乙烯(PE)发泡材料的释放,而车内检出的芳香族化合物主要来自汽车内饰用胶粘剂、密封胶等的释放.     

松针生理性质对其富集多环芳烃行为的影响

测定了雪松(Cedrus deodar)和黑松(Pinus thunbergii)松针的脂含量、气孔密度和比表面积等生理性质及松针中多环芳烃 (PAHs)浓度,考察了松针生理性质对其富集PAHs行为的影响.结果表明,雪松松针中PAHs浓度高于黑松,其平均总浓度(ΣPAHs)分别为(1101±692)ng/g和(518±339)ng/g,2种松针对PAHs的富集能力有较大差异,脂含量是决定松针富集PAHs量的首要因素.2种松针中PAHs组成均以3环和4环PAHs为主,分别占ΣPAHs的56%和31%以上.松针对于3环PAHs的富集能力强于4环PAHs,两者浓度差异约为2倍左右;对于5、6环PAHs,未发现其浓度与脂含量之间的相关关系.由于雪松和黑松松针的脂含量随比表面积具有不同的变化趋势,2种松针中PAHs浓度随比表面积的变化趋势相反.对于5、6环PAHs,松针比表面积和气孔密度对其浓度有显著影响.     

低溶解氧污泥微膨胀节能方法在A/O中的试验验证

采用实际的生活污水,在A/O系统中验证了低溶解氧污泥微膨胀节能理论与方法.结果表明,A/O系统在微膨胀运行期间SVI值能稳定维持在150～230 mL/g之间,单纯低溶解氧不会造成污泥沉降性能的严重恶化.相对于高溶解氧、污泥沉降性能良好时的运行情况,微膨胀期间COD和总氮去除率略有升高,分别为86%和63%,氨氮去除率略有下降,平均为70%,且约有10%～25%的氮可通过同步硝化反硝化去除.丝状菌的网捕作用使出水的SS浓度明显减低,出水浊度低于3 NTU.维持DO=0.5 mg/L所需的理论供气量相对DO=2.0 mg/L时可节约17%,对实际的小试结果比较发现可节约57%的曝气量.     

The Adaptive Capacity Wheel: a method to assess the inherent characteristics of institutions to enable the adaptive capacity of society

Climate change potentially brings continuous and unpredictable changes in weather patterns. Consequently, it calls for institutions that promote the adaptive capacity of society and allow society to modify its institutions at a rate commensurate with the rate of environmental change. Institutions, traditionally conservative and reactive, will now have to support social actors to proactively respond through planned processes and deliberate steps, but also through cherishing and encouraging spontaneous and autonomous change, as well as allowing for institutional redesign. This paper addresses the question: How can the inherent characteristics of institutions to stimulate the capacity of society to adapt to climate change from local through to national level be assessed? On the basis of a literature review and several brainstorm sessions, this paper presents six dimensions: Variety, learning capacity, room for autonomous change, leadership, availability of resources and fair governance. These dimensions and their 22 criteria form the Adaptive Capacity Wheel. This wheel can help academics and social actors to assess if institutions stimulate the adaptive capacity of society to respond to climate change; and to focus on whether and how institutions need to be redesigned. This paper also briefly demonstrates the application of this Adaptive Capacity Wheel to different institutions.     

汽油车非常规污染物排放特性研究

选择3种不同排量的典型汽油车,基于国Ⅲ标准的轻型车排放测试循环,用SKC采样泵和2, 4-DNPH、Tenax TA采样管采集尾气中的非常规污染物,利用高效液相色谱仪和热脱附气相色谱质谱联用仪分析汽油车排放中醛酮类化合物和挥发性有机物的组成及含量,同时利用电子低压冲击仪研究了其颗粒物排放的粒径和质量浓度分布特征.结果表明,不同汽油车之间非常规污染物的比排放值有较大差异,3辆汽油车总醛酮比排放量分别为36.44、 16.71、 10.43 mg/km,TVOC分别为155.39、 103.75、 42.29 mg/km.排放的醛酮化合物中甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛、丙酮和环己酮的检出含量较高,占总醛酮量的77.9%～89.7%,且绝大部分为有毒有害物质;废气中挥发性有机物绝大部分为芳香烃和烷烃,分别占总数的31.6%～39.2%和23.1%～27.9%,其中又以芳香烃类化合物甲苯、二甲苯和苯的检出含量最高,平均占TVOC的16.68%、 16.87%和5.23%;其颗粒物排放以超细颗粒物（<100nm）为主,高速工况下排放的颗粒物明显多于低速和中速工况.